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Add uranium to minecraft
2023.03.30 06:37 Choice-Bake7922 Add uranium to minecraft
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium radioactively decays by emitting an alpha particle. The half-life of this decay varies between 159,200 and 4.5 billion years for different isotopes, making them useful for dating the age of the Earth. The most common isotopes in natural uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for over 99% of uranium on Earth) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons). Uranium has the highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, and slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.[6] Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 is the only naturally occurring fissile isotope, which makes it widely used in nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons. However, because of the tiny concentrations found in nature, uranium needs to undergo enrichment so that enough uranium-235 is present. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is studied for future industrial use in nuclear technology. Uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons; uranium-235, and to a lesser degree uranium-233, have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating.[7][8]
The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the recently discovered planet Uranus. Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Research by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi and others, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon used in war. An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived plutonium-239. Dismantling of these weapons and related nuclear facilities is carried out within various nuclear disarmament programs and costs billions of dollars. Weapon-grade uranium obtained from nuclear weapons is diluted with uranium-238 and reused as fuel for nuclear reactors. The development and deployment of these nuclear reactors continue on a global base as they are powerful sources of CO2-free energy. Spent nuclear fuel forms radioactive waste, which mostly consists of uranium-238 and poses significant health threat and environmental impact. Uranium is a silvery white, weakly radioactive metal. It has a Mohs hardness of 6, sufficient to scratch glass and approximately equal to that of titanium, rhodium, manganese and niobium. It is malleable, ductile, slightly paramagnetic, strongly electropositive and a poor electrical conductor.[9][10] Uranium metal has a very high density of 19.1 g/cm3,[11] denser than lead (11.3 g/cm3),[12] but slightly less dense than tungsten and gold (19.3 g/cm3).[13][14]
Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with the exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature.[15] Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly.[9] When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide.[10] Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry.
Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control).
As little as 15 lb (6.8 kg) of uranium-235 can be used to make an atomic bomb.[16] The nuclear weapon detonated over Hiroshima, called Little Boy, relied on uranium fission. However, the first nuclear bomb (the Gadget used at Trinity) and the bomb that was detonated over Nagasaki (Fat Man) were both plutonium bombs.
Uranium metal has three allotropic forms:[17]
α (orthorhombic) stable up to 668 °C (1,234 °F). Orthorhombic, space group No. 63, Cmcm, lattice parameters a = 285.4 pm, b = 587 pm, c = 495.5 pm.[18] β (tetragonal) stable from 668 to 775 °C (1,234 to 1,427 °F). Tetragonal, space group P42/mnm, P42nm, or P4n2, lattice parameters a = 565.6 pm, b = c = 1075.9 pm.[18] γ (body-centered cubic) from 775 °C (1,427 °F) to melting point—this is the most malleable and ductile state. Body-centered cubic, lattice parameter a = 352.4 pm.[18]
The major application of uranium in the military sector is in high-density penetrators. This ammunition consists of depleted uranium (DU) alloyed with 1–2% other elements, such as titanium or molybdenum.[19] At high impact speed, the density, hardness, and pyrophoricity of the projectile enable the destruction of heavily armored targets. Tank armor and other removable vehicle armor can also be hardened with depleted uranium plates. The use of depleted uranium became politically and environmentally contentious after the use of such munitions by the US, UK and other countries during wars in the Persian Gulf and the Balkans raised questions concerning uranium compounds left in the soil[8][20][21][22] (see Gulf War syndrome).[16]
Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials. While the metal itself is radioactive, its high density makes it more effective than lead in halting radiation from strong sources such as radium.[9] Other uses of depleted uranium include counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as ballast for missile re-entry vehicles and as a shielding material.[10] Due to its high density, this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses.[10] Depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals due to its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost.[23] The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by uranium oxide rather than radioactivity (uranium being only a weak alpha emitter).
During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses plutonium-239 derived from uranium-238. Later, a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb (thermonuclear weapon) was built, that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion. Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile (unenriched) uranium case, and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process.[24]
The main use of uranium in the civilian sector is to fuel nuclear power plants. One kilogram of uranium-235 can theoretically produce about 20 terajoules of energy (2×1013 joules), assuming complete fission; as much energy as 1.5 million kilograms (1,500 tonnes) of coal.[7]
Commercial nuclear power plants use fuel that is typically enriched to around 3% uranium-235.[7] The CANDU and Magnox designs are the only commercial reactors capable of using unenriched uranium fuel. Fuel used for United States Navy reactors is typically highly enriched in uranium-235 (the exact values are classified). In a breeder reactor, uranium-238 can also be converted into plutonium through the following reaction:[10]
Before (and, occasionally, after) the discovery of radioactivity, uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes, such as uranium glass and in Fiestaware.[25]
The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials.[26][27] This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of uranium to extract one gram of radium. This waste product was diverted to the glazing industry, making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant. Besides the pottery glazes, uranium tile glazes accounted for the bulk of the use, including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green, yellow, mauve, black, blue, red and other colors.
Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner),[10] in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs,[28] to improve the appearance of dentures,[29] and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used as electron-dense "stains" in transmission electron microscopy, to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in negative staining of viruses, isolated cell organelles and macromolecules.
The discovery of the radioactivity of uranium ushered in additional scientific and practical uses of the element. The long half-life of the isotope uranium-238 (4.47×109 years) makes it well-suited for use in estimating the age of the earliest igneous rocks and for other types of radiometric dating, including uranium–thorium dating, uranium–lead dating and uranium–uranium dating. Uranium metal is used for X-ray targets in the making of high-energy X-rays.[10]
The use of uranium in its natural oxide form dates back to at least the year 79 CE, when it was used in the Roman Empire to add a yellow color to ceramic glazes.[10] Yellow glass with 1% uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape Posillipo in the Bay of Naples, Italy, by R. T. Gunther of the University of Oxford in 1912.[30] Starting in the late Middle Ages, pitchblende was extracted from the Habsburg silver mines in Joachimsthal, Bohemia (now Jáchymov in the Czech Republic), and was used as a coloring agent in the local glassmaking industry.[31] In the early 19th century, the world's only known sources of uranium ore were these mines. Mining for uranium in the Ore Mountains ceased on the German side after the Cold War ended and SDAG Wismut was wound down. On the Czech side there were attempts during the uranium price bubble of 2007 to restart mining, but those were quickly abandoned following a fall in uranium prices.[32][33]
The discovery of the element is credited to the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely sodium diuranate) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide.[31] Klaproth assumed the yellow substance was the oxide of a yet-undiscovered element and heated it with charcoal to obtain a black powder, which he thought was the newly discovered metal itself (in fact, that powder was an oxide of uranium).[31][34] He named the newly discovered element after the planet Uranus (named after the primordial Greek god of the sky), which had been discovered eight years earlier by William Herschel.[35]
In 1841, Eugène-Melchior Péligot, Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Central School of Arts and Manufactures) in Paris, isolated the first sample of uranium metal by heating uranium tetrachloride with potassium.[31][36]
Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity by using uranium in 1896.[15] Becquerel made the discovery in Paris by leaving a sample of a uranium salt, K2UO2(SO4)2 (potassium uranyl sulfate), on top of an unexposed photographic plate in a drawer and noting that the plate had become "fogged".[37] He determined that a form of invisible light or rays emitted by uranium had exposed the plate.
During World War I when the Central Powers suffered a shortage of molybdenum to make artillery gun barrels and high speed tool steels they routinely substituted ferrouranium alloys which present many of the same physical characteristics. When this practice became known in 1916 the USA government requested several prominent universities to research these uses for uranium and tools made with these formulas remained in use for several decades only ending when the Manhattan Project and the Cold War placed a large demand on uranium for fission research and weapon development.[38][39][40]
A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle).[41] The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements with atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively.[42][43][44][45] The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann[41] in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission".[46] Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235.[41] Fermi urged Alfred O. C. Nier to separate uranium isotopes for determination of the fissile component, and on 29 February 1940, Nier used an instrument he built at the University of Minnesota to separate the world's first uranium-235 sample in the Tate Laboratory. After mailed to Columbia University's cyclotron, John Dunning confirmed the sample to be the isolated fissile material on 1 March.[47] Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power. Despite fission having been discovered in Germany, the Uranverein ("uranium club") Germany's wartime project to research nuclear power and/or weapons was hampered by limited resources, infighting, the exile or non-involvement of several prominent scientists in the field and several crucial mistakes such as failing to account for impurities in available graphite samples which made it appear less suitable as a neutron moderator than it is in reality. Germany's attempts to build a natural uranium / heavy water reactor had not come close to reaching criticality by the time the Americans reached Haigerloch, the site of the last German wartime reactor experiment.[48]
On 2 December 1942, as part of the Manhattan Project, another team led by Enrico Fermi was able to initiate the first artificial self-sustained nuclear chain reaction, Chicago Pile-1. An initial plan using enriched uranium-235 was abandoned as it was as yet unavailable in sufficient quantities.[49] Working in a lab below the stands of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, the team created the conditions needed for such a reaction by piling together 360 tonnes of graphite, 53 tonnes of uranium oxide, and 5.5 tonnes of uranium metal, a majority of which was supplied by Westinghouse Lamp Plant in a makeshift production process.[41][50]
Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed "Little Boy") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and "Fat Man") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. The uranium-based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of trinitrotoluene, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people (see Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki).[37] Initially it was believed that uranium was relatively rare, and that nuclear proliferation could be avoided by simply buying up all known uranium stocks, but within a decade large deposits of it were discovered in many places around the world.[51][52]
The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951.[53] Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX-III, another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory).[54][55] The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, Obninsk in the Soviet Union, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956,[56] and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine, the USS Nautilus, in 1954.[41][57]
Prehistoric naturally occurring fission Main article: Natural nuclear fission reactor In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted about 3% of the total uranium on Earth.[58] This is high enough to permit a sustained nuclear fission chain reaction to occur, provided other supporting conditions exist. The capacity of the surrounding sediment to contain the health-threatening nuclear waste products has been cited by the U.S. federal government as supporting evidence for the feasibility to store spent nuclear fuel at the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository.[58]
Above-ground nuclear tests by the Soviet Union and the United States in the 1950s and early 1960s and by France into the 1970s and 1980s[23] spread a significant amount of fallout from uranium daughter isotopes around the world.[59] Additional fallout and pollution occurred from several nuclear accidents.[60]
Uranium miners have a higher incidence of cancer. An excess risk of lung cancer among Navajo uranium miners, for example, has been documented and linked to their occupation.[61] The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act, a 1990 law in the US, required $100,000 in "compassion payments" to uranium miners diagnosed with cancer or other respiratory ailments.[62]
During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. After the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) had been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states.[16] Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources.[16] From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities.[16]
Safety of nuclear facilities in Russia has been significantly improved since the stabilization of political and economical turmoil of the early 1990s. For example, in 1993 there were 29 incidents ranking above level 1 on the International Nuclear Event Scale, and this number dropped under four per year in 1995–2003. The number of employers receiving annual radiation doses above 20 mSv, which is equivalent to a single full-body CT scan,[63] saw a strong decline around 2000. In November 2015, the Russian government approved a federal program for nuclear and radiation safety for 2016 to 2030 with a budget of 562 billion rubles (ca. 8 billion dollars). Its key issue is "the deferred liabilities accumulated during the 70 years of the nuclear industry, particularly during the time of the Soviet Union". Approximately 73% of the budget will be spent on decommissioning aged and obsolete nuclear reactors and nuclear facilities, especially those involved in state defense programs; 20% will go in processing and disposal of nuclear fuel and radioactive waste, and 5% into monitoring and ensuring of nuclear and radiation safety.[64]
Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, uranium is only naturally formed by the r-process (rapid neutron capture) in supernovae and neutron star mergers.[65] Primordial thorium and uranium are only produced in the r-process, because the s-process (slow neutron capture) is too slow and cannot pass the gap of instability after bismuth.[66][67] Besides the two extant primordial uranium isotopes, 235U and 238U, the r-process also produced significant quantities of 236U, which has a shorter half-life and so is an extinct radionuclide, having long since decayed completely to 232Th. Uranium-236 was itself enriched by the decay of 244Pu, accounting for the observed higher-than-expected abundance of thorium and lower-than-expected abundance of uranium.[68] While the natural abundance of uranium has been supplemented by the decay of extinct 242Pu (half-life 0.375 million years) and 247Cm (half-life 16 million years), producing 238U and 235U respectively, this occurred to an almost negligible extent due to the shorter half-lives of these parents and their lower production than 236U and 244Pu, the parents of thorium: the 247Cm:235U ratio at the formation of the Solar System was (7.0±1.6)×10−5.[69]
Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements.[10] The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat[70][71] that keeps the Earth's outer core in the liquid state and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics.
Uranium's average concentration in the Earth's crust is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million,[9][23] or about 40 times as abundant as silver.[15] The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg (2×1017 lb) of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg (2×1013 lb).[9] The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million (up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate fertilizers),[72] and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion.[23]
Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum.[10][23] Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite.[10] Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores[10] (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium[15]).
Some bacteria, such as Shewanella putrefaciens, Geobacter metallireducens and some strains of Burkholderia fungorum, use uranium for their growth and convert U(VI) to U(IV).[73][74] Recent research suggests that this pathway includes reduction of the soluble U(VI) via an intermediate U(V) pentavalent state.[75][76] Other organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment.[77] Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water.[31][78] The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water.[79] The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant.[80]
In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli.[81]
Plants absorb some uranium from soil. Dry weight concentrations of uranium in plants range from 5 to 60 parts per billion, and ash from burnt wood can have concentrations up to 4 parts per million.[31] Dry weight concentrations of uranium in food plants are typically lower with one to two micrograms per day ingested through the food people eat.[31]
Production and mining Main article: Uranium mining Worldwide production of uranium in 2021 amounted to 48,332 tonnes, of which 21,819 t (45%) was mined in Kazakhstan. Other important urmom mining countries are Namibia (5,753 t), Canada (4,693 t), Australia (4,192 t), Uzbekistan (3,500 t), and Russia (2,635 t).[82]
Uranium ore is mined in several ways: by open pit, underground, in-situ leaching, and borehole mining (see uranium mining).[7] Low-grade uranium ore mined typically contains 0.01 to 0.25% uranium oxides. Extensive measures must be employed to extract the metal from its ore.[83] High-grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan, Canada can contain up to 23% uranium oxides on average.[84] Uranium ore is crushed and rendered into a fine powder and then leached with either an acid or alkali. The leachate is subjected to one of several sequences of precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange. The resulting mixture, called yellowcake, contains at least 75% uranium oxides U3O8. Yellowcake is then calcined to remove impurities from the milling process before refining and conversion.[85]
Commercial-grade uranium can be produced through the reduction of uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals.[10] Uranium metal can also be prepared through electrolysis of KUF 5 or UF 4, dissolved in molten calcium chloride (CaCl 2) and sodium chloride (NaCl) solution.[10] Very pure uranium is produced through the thermal decomposition of uranium halides on a hot filament.[10]
It is estimated that 6.1 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$130 per kg of uranium,[87] while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction).[88]
Australia has 28% of the world's known uranium ore reserves[87] and the world's largest single uranium deposit is located at the Olympic Dam Mine in South Australia.[89] There is a significant reserve of uranium in Bakouma, a sub-prefecture in the prefecture of Mbomou in the Central African Republic.[90]
Some uranium also originates from dismantled nuclear weapons.[91] For example, in 1993–2013 Russia supplied the United States with 15,000 tonnes of low-enriched uranium within the Megatons to Megawatts Program.[92]
An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be dissolved in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible).[93][94] There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water,[95] but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.[96][97]
In 2005, ten countries accounted for the majority of the world's concentrated uranium oxides: Canada (27.9%), Australia (22.8%), Kazakhstan (10.5%), Russia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5%), Niger (7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), the United States (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%) and Ukraine (1.9%).[99] In 2008 Kazakhstan was forecast to increase production and become the world's largest supplier of uranium by 2009.[100][101] The prediction came true, and Kazakhstan does dominate the world's uranium market since 2010. In 2021, its share was 45.1%, followed by Namibia (11.9%), Canada (9.7%), Australia (8.7%), Uzbekistan (7.2%), Niger (4.7%), Russia (5.5%), China (3.9%), India (1.3%), Ukraine (0.9%), and South Africa (0.8%), with a world total production of 48,332 tonnes.[82] Most of uranium was produced not by conventional underground mining of ores (29% of production), but by in situ leaching (66%).[82][102]
In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons.[103]
The ultimate available supply is believed to be sufficient for at least the next 85 years,[88] although some studies indicate underinvestment in the late twentieth century may produce supply problems in the 21st century.[104] Uranium deposits seem to be log-normal distributed. There is a 300-fold increase in the amount of uranium recoverable for each tenfold decrease in ore grade.[105] In other words, there is little high grade ore and proportionately much more low grade ore available.
Calcined uranium yellowcake, as produced in many large mills, contains a distribution of uranium oxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized. Particles with short residence times in a calciner will generally be less oxidized than those with long retention times or particles recovered in the stack scrubber. Uranium content is usually referenced to U 3O 8, which dates to the days of the Manhattan Project when U 3O 8 was used as an analytical chemistry reporting standard.[106]
Phase relationships in the uranium-oxygen system are complex. The most important oxidation states of uranium are uranium(IV) and uranium(VI), and their two corresponding oxides are, respectively, uranium dioxide (UO 2) and uranium trioxide (UO 3).[107] Other uranium oxides such as uranium monoxide (UO), diuranium pentoxide (U 2O 5), and uranium peroxide (UO 4·2H 2O) also exist.
The most common forms of uranium oxide are triuranium octoxide (U 3O 8) and UO 2.[108] Both oxide forms are solids that have low solubility in water and are relatively stable over a wide range of environmental conditions. Triuranium octoxide is (depending on conditions) the most stable compound of uranium and is the form most commonly found in nature. Uranium dioxide is the form in which uranium is most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel.[108] At ambient temperatures, UO 2 will gradually convert to U 3O 8. Because of their stability, uranium oxides are generally considered the preferred chemical form for storage or disposal.[108]
Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+ 2 (unstable), and UO2+ 2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively.[109] A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+ 2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+ 2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate.[109]
Unlike the uranyl salts of uranium and polyatomic ion uranium-oxide cationic forms, the uranates, salts containing a polyatomic uranium-oxide anion, are generally not water-soluble.
Carbonates The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes.
Effects of pH The uranium fraction diagrams in the presence of carbonate illustrate this further: when the pH of a uranium(VI) solution increases, the uranium is converted to a hydrated uranium oxide hydroxide and at high pHs it becomes an anionic hydroxide complex.
When carbonate is added, uranium is converted to a series of carbonate complexes if the pH is increased. One effect of these reactions is increased solubility of uranium in the pH range 6 to 8, a fact that has a direct bearing on the long term stability of spent uranium dioxide nuclear fuels.
Hydrides, carbides and nitrides Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds.[111] Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C.[111]
Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U 3O 8.[111] Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC 2), and diuranium tricarbide (U 2C 3). Both UC and UC 2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures. Stable below 1800 °C, U 2C 3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC 2 to mechanical stress.[112] Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to nitrogen include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN 2), and diuranium trinitride (U 2N 3).[112]
submitted by Choice-Bake7922 to shittymcsuggestions [link] [comments]
The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the recently discovered planet Uranus. Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Research by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi and others, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon used in war. An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived plutonium-239. Dismantling of these weapons and related nuclear facilities is carried out within various nuclear disarmament programs and costs billions of dollars. Weapon-grade uranium obtained from nuclear weapons is diluted with uranium-238 and reused as fuel for nuclear reactors. The development and deployment of these nuclear reactors continue on a global base as they are powerful sources of CO2-free energy. Spent nuclear fuel forms radioactive waste, which mostly consists of uranium-238 and poses significant health threat and environmental impact. Uranium is a silvery white, weakly radioactive metal. It has a Mohs hardness of 6, sufficient to scratch glass and approximately equal to that of titanium, rhodium, manganese and niobium. It is malleable, ductile, slightly paramagnetic, strongly electropositive and a poor electrical conductor.[9][10] Uranium metal has a very high density of 19.1 g/cm3,[11] denser than lead (11.3 g/cm3),[12] but slightly less dense than tungsten and gold (19.3 g/cm3).[13][14]
Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with the exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature.[15] Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly.[9] When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide.[10] Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry.
Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control).
As little as 15 lb (6.8 kg) of uranium-235 can be used to make an atomic bomb.[16] The nuclear weapon detonated over Hiroshima, called Little Boy, relied on uranium fission. However, the first nuclear bomb (the Gadget used at Trinity) and the bomb that was detonated over Nagasaki (Fat Man) were both plutonium bombs.
Uranium metal has three allotropic forms:[17]
α (orthorhombic) stable up to 668 °C (1,234 °F). Orthorhombic, space group No. 63, Cmcm, lattice parameters a = 285.4 pm, b = 587 pm, c = 495.5 pm.[18] β (tetragonal) stable from 668 to 775 °C (1,234 to 1,427 °F). Tetragonal, space group P42/mnm, P42nm, or P4n2, lattice parameters a = 565.6 pm, b = c = 1075.9 pm.[18] γ (body-centered cubic) from 775 °C (1,427 °F) to melting point—this is the most malleable and ductile state. Body-centered cubic, lattice parameter a = 352.4 pm.[18]
The major application of uranium in the military sector is in high-density penetrators. This ammunition consists of depleted uranium (DU) alloyed with 1–2% other elements, such as titanium or molybdenum.[19] At high impact speed, the density, hardness, and pyrophoricity of the projectile enable the destruction of heavily armored targets. Tank armor and other removable vehicle armor can also be hardened with depleted uranium plates. The use of depleted uranium became politically and environmentally contentious after the use of such munitions by the US, UK and other countries during wars in the Persian Gulf and the Balkans raised questions concerning uranium compounds left in the soil[8][20][21][22] (see Gulf War syndrome).[16]
Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials. While the metal itself is radioactive, its high density makes it more effective than lead in halting radiation from strong sources such as radium.[9] Other uses of depleted uranium include counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as ballast for missile re-entry vehicles and as a shielding material.[10] Due to its high density, this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses.[10] Depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals due to its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost.[23] The main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by uranium oxide rather than radioactivity (uranium being only a weak alpha emitter).
During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses plutonium-239 derived from uranium-238. Later, a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb (thermonuclear weapon) was built, that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion. Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile (unenriched) uranium case, and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process.[24]
The main use of uranium in the civilian sector is to fuel nuclear power plants. One kilogram of uranium-235 can theoretically produce about 20 terajoules of energy (2×1013 joules), assuming complete fission; as much energy as 1.5 million kilograms (1,500 tonnes) of coal.[7]
Commercial nuclear power plants use fuel that is typically enriched to around 3% uranium-235.[7] The CANDU and Magnox designs are the only commercial reactors capable of using unenriched uranium fuel. Fuel used for United States Navy reactors is typically highly enriched in uranium-235 (the exact values are classified). In a breeder reactor, uranium-238 can also be converted into plutonium through the following reaction:[10]
Before (and, occasionally, after) the discovery of radioactivity, uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes, such as uranium glass and in Fiestaware.[25]
The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials.[26][27] This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of uranium to extract one gram of radium. This waste product was diverted to the glazing industry, making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant. Besides the pottery glazes, uranium tile glazes accounted for the bulk of the use, including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green, yellow, mauve, black, blue, red and other colors.
Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner),[10] in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs,[28] to improve the appearance of dentures,[29] and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used as electron-dense "stains" in transmission electron microscopy, to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in negative staining of viruses, isolated cell organelles and macromolecules.
The discovery of the radioactivity of uranium ushered in additional scientific and practical uses of the element. The long half-life of the isotope uranium-238 (4.47×109 years) makes it well-suited for use in estimating the age of the earliest igneous rocks and for other types of radiometric dating, including uranium–thorium dating, uranium–lead dating and uranium–uranium dating. Uranium metal is used for X-ray targets in the making of high-energy X-rays.[10]
The use of uranium in its natural oxide form dates back to at least the year 79 CE, when it was used in the Roman Empire to add a yellow color to ceramic glazes.[10] Yellow glass with 1% uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape Posillipo in the Bay of Naples, Italy, by R. T. Gunther of the University of Oxford in 1912.[30] Starting in the late Middle Ages, pitchblende was extracted from the Habsburg silver mines in Joachimsthal, Bohemia (now Jáchymov in the Czech Republic), and was used as a coloring agent in the local glassmaking industry.[31] In the early 19th century, the world's only known sources of uranium ore were these mines. Mining for uranium in the Ore Mountains ceased on the German side after the Cold War ended and SDAG Wismut was wound down. On the Czech side there were attempts during the uranium price bubble of 2007 to restart mining, but those were quickly abandoned following a fall in uranium prices.[32][33]
The discovery of the element is credited to the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely sodium diuranate) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide.[31] Klaproth assumed the yellow substance was the oxide of a yet-undiscovered element and heated it with charcoal to obtain a black powder, which he thought was the newly discovered metal itself (in fact, that powder was an oxide of uranium).[31][34] He named the newly discovered element after the planet Uranus (named after the primordial Greek god of the sky), which had been discovered eight years earlier by William Herschel.[35]
In 1841, Eugène-Melchior Péligot, Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Central School of Arts and Manufactures) in Paris, isolated the first sample of uranium metal by heating uranium tetrachloride with potassium.[31][36]
Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity by using uranium in 1896.[15] Becquerel made the discovery in Paris by leaving a sample of a uranium salt, K2UO2(SO4)2 (potassium uranyl sulfate), on top of an unexposed photographic plate in a drawer and noting that the plate had become "fogged".[37] He determined that a form of invisible light or rays emitted by uranium had exposed the plate.
During World War I when the Central Powers suffered a shortage of molybdenum to make artillery gun barrels and high speed tool steels they routinely substituted ferrouranium alloys which present many of the same physical characteristics. When this practice became known in 1916 the USA government requested several prominent universities to research these uses for uranium and tools made with these formulas remained in use for several decades only ending when the Manhattan Project and the Cold War placed a large demand on uranium for fission research and weapon development.[38][39][40]
A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle).[41] The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements with atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively.[42][43][44][45] The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann[41] in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission".[46] Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235.[41] Fermi urged Alfred O. C. Nier to separate uranium isotopes for determination of the fissile component, and on 29 February 1940, Nier used an instrument he built at the University of Minnesota to separate the world's first uranium-235 sample in the Tate Laboratory. After mailed to Columbia University's cyclotron, John Dunning confirmed the sample to be the isolated fissile material on 1 March.[47] Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power. Despite fission having been discovered in Germany, the Uranverein ("uranium club") Germany's wartime project to research nuclear power and/or weapons was hampered by limited resources, infighting, the exile or non-involvement of several prominent scientists in the field and several crucial mistakes such as failing to account for impurities in available graphite samples which made it appear less suitable as a neutron moderator than it is in reality. Germany's attempts to build a natural uranium / heavy water reactor had not come close to reaching criticality by the time the Americans reached Haigerloch, the site of the last German wartime reactor experiment.[48]
On 2 December 1942, as part of the Manhattan Project, another team led by Enrico Fermi was able to initiate the first artificial self-sustained nuclear chain reaction, Chicago Pile-1. An initial plan using enriched uranium-235 was abandoned as it was as yet unavailable in sufficient quantities.[49] Working in a lab below the stands of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, the team created the conditions needed for such a reaction by piling together 360 tonnes of graphite, 53 tonnes of uranium oxide, and 5.5 tonnes of uranium metal, a majority of which was supplied by Westinghouse Lamp Plant in a makeshift production process.[41][50]
Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed "Little Boy") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and "Fat Man") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. The uranium-based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of trinitrotoluene, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people (see Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki).[37] Initially it was believed that uranium was relatively rare, and that nuclear proliferation could be avoided by simply buying up all known uranium stocks, but within a decade large deposits of it were discovered in many places around the world.[51][52]
The X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, formerly known as the Clinton Pile and X-10 Pile, was the world's second artificial nuclear reactor (after Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile) and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation. Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I, located at the Atomic Energy Commission's National Reactor Testing Station near Arco, Idaho, became the first nuclear reactor to create electricity on 20 December 1951.[53] Initially, four 150-watt light bulbs were lit by the reactor, but improvements eventually enabled it to power the whole facility (later, the town of Arco became the first in the world to have all its electricity come from nuclear power generated by BORAX-III, another reactor designed and operated by Argonne National Laboratory).[54][55] The world's first commercial scale nuclear power station, Obninsk in the Soviet Union, began generation with its reactor AM-1 on 27 June 1954. Other early nuclear power plants were Calder Hall in England, which began generation on 17 October 1956,[56] and the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, which began on 26 May 1958. Nuclear power was used for the first time for propulsion by a submarine, the USS Nautilus, in 1954.[41][57]
Prehistoric naturally occurring fission Main article: Natural nuclear fission reactor In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted about 3% of the total uranium on Earth.[58] This is high enough to permit a sustained nuclear fission chain reaction to occur, provided other supporting conditions exist. The capacity of the surrounding sediment to contain the health-threatening nuclear waste products has been cited by the U.S. federal government as supporting evidence for the feasibility to store spent nuclear fuel at the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository.[58]
Above-ground nuclear tests by the Soviet Union and the United States in the 1950s and early 1960s and by France into the 1970s and 1980s[23] spread a significant amount of fallout from uranium daughter isotopes around the world.[59] Additional fallout and pollution occurred from several nuclear accidents.[60]
Uranium miners have a higher incidence of cancer. An excess risk of lung cancer among Navajo uranium miners, for example, has been documented and linked to their occupation.[61] The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act, a 1990 law in the US, required $100,000 in "compassion payments" to uranium miners diagnosed with cancer or other respiratory ailments.[62]
During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. After the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) had been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states.[16] Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources.[16] From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities.[16]
Safety of nuclear facilities in Russia has been significantly improved since the stabilization of political and economical turmoil of the early 1990s. For example, in 1993 there were 29 incidents ranking above level 1 on the International Nuclear Event Scale, and this number dropped under four per year in 1995–2003. The number of employers receiving annual radiation doses above 20 mSv, which is equivalent to a single full-body CT scan,[63] saw a strong decline around 2000. In November 2015, the Russian government approved a federal program for nuclear and radiation safety for 2016 to 2030 with a budget of 562 billion rubles (ca. 8 billion dollars). Its key issue is "the deferred liabilities accumulated during the 70 years of the nuclear industry, particularly during the time of the Soviet Union". Approximately 73% of the budget will be spent on decommissioning aged and obsolete nuclear reactors and nuclear facilities, especially those involved in state defense programs; 20% will go in processing and disposal of nuclear fuel and radioactive waste, and 5% into monitoring and ensuring of nuclear and radiation safety.[64]
Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, uranium is only naturally formed by the r-process (rapid neutron capture) in supernovae and neutron star mergers.[65] Primordial thorium and uranium are only produced in the r-process, because the s-process (slow neutron capture) is too slow and cannot pass the gap of instability after bismuth.[66][67] Besides the two extant primordial uranium isotopes, 235U and 238U, the r-process also produced significant quantities of 236U, which has a shorter half-life and so is an extinct radionuclide, having long since decayed completely to 232Th. Uranium-236 was itself enriched by the decay of 244Pu, accounting for the observed higher-than-expected abundance of thorium and lower-than-expected abundance of uranium.[68] While the natural abundance of uranium has been supplemented by the decay of extinct 242Pu (half-life 0.375 million years) and 247Cm (half-life 16 million years), producing 238U and 235U respectively, this occurred to an almost negligible extent due to the shorter half-lives of these parents and their lower production than 236U and 244Pu, the parents of thorium: the 247Cm:235U ratio at the formation of the Solar System was (7.0±1.6)×10−5.[69]
Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements.[10] The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat[70][71] that keeps the Earth's outer core in the liquid state and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics.
Uranium's average concentration in the Earth's crust is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million,[9][23] or about 40 times as abundant as silver.[15] The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg (2×1017 lb) of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg (2×1013 lb).[9] The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million (up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate fertilizers),[72] and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion.[23]
Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum.[10][23] Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite.[10] Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores[10] (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium[15]).
Some bacteria, such as Shewanella putrefaciens, Geobacter metallireducens and some strains of Burkholderia fungorum, use uranium for their growth and convert U(VI) to U(IV).[73][74] Recent research suggests that this pathway includes reduction of the soluble U(VI) via an intermediate U(V) pentavalent state.[75][76] Other organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb concentrations of uranium that are up to 300 times the level of their environment.[77] Citrobacter species absorb uranyl ions when given glycerol phosphate (or other similar organic phosphates). After one day, one gram of bacteria can encrust themselves with nine grams of uranyl phosphate crystals; this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water.[31][78] The proteobacterium Geobacter has also been shown to bioremediate uranium in ground water.[79] The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices increases uranium content in the roots of its symbiotic plant.[80]
In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli.[81]
Plants absorb some uranium from soil. Dry weight concentrations of uranium in plants range from 5 to 60 parts per billion, and ash from burnt wood can have concentrations up to 4 parts per million.[31] Dry weight concentrations of uranium in food plants are typically lower with one to two micrograms per day ingested through the food people eat.[31]
Production and mining Main article: Uranium mining Worldwide production of uranium in 2021 amounted to 48,332 tonnes, of which 21,819 t (45%) was mined in Kazakhstan. Other important urmom mining countries are Namibia (5,753 t), Canada (4,693 t), Australia (4,192 t), Uzbekistan (3,500 t), and Russia (2,635 t).[82]
Uranium ore is mined in several ways: by open pit, underground, in-situ leaching, and borehole mining (see uranium mining).[7] Low-grade uranium ore mined typically contains 0.01 to 0.25% uranium oxides. Extensive measures must be employed to extract the metal from its ore.[83] High-grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan, Canada can contain up to 23% uranium oxides on average.[84] Uranium ore is crushed and rendered into a fine powder and then leached with either an acid or alkali. The leachate is subjected to one of several sequences of precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange. The resulting mixture, called yellowcake, contains at least 75% uranium oxides U3O8. Yellowcake is then calcined to remove impurities from the milling process before refining and conversion.[85]
Commercial-grade uranium can be produced through the reduction of uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals.[10] Uranium metal can also be prepared through electrolysis of KUF 5 or UF 4, dissolved in molten calcium chloride (CaCl 2) and sodium chloride (NaCl) solution.[10] Very pure uranium is produced through the thermal decomposition of uranium halides on a hot filament.[10]
It is estimated that 6.1 million tonnes of uranium exists in ore reserves that are economically viable at US$130 per kg of uranium,[87] while 35 million tonnes are classed as mineral resources (reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction).[88]
Australia has 28% of the world's known uranium ore reserves[87] and the world's largest single uranium deposit is located at the Olympic Dam Mine in South Australia.[89] There is a significant reserve of uranium in Bakouma, a sub-prefecture in the prefecture of Mbomou in the Central African Republic.[90]
Some uranium also originates from dismantled nuclear weapons.[91] For example, in 1993–2013 Russia supplied the United States with 15,000 tonnes of low-enriched uranium within the Megatons to Megawatts Program.[92]
An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be dissolved in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible).[93][94] There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water,[95] but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.[96][97]
In 2005, ten countries accounted for the majority of the world's concentrated uranium oxides: Canada (27.9%), Australia (22.8%), Kazakhstan (10.5%), Russia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5%), Niger (7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), the United States (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%) and Ukraine (1.9%).[99] In 2008 Kazakhstan was forecast to increase production and become the world's largest supplier of uranium by 2009.[100][101] The prediction came true, and Kazakhstan does dominate the world's uranium market since 2010. In 2021, its share was 45.1%, followed by Namibia (11.9%), Canada (9.7%), Australia (8.7%), Uzbekistan (7.2%), Niger (4.7%), Russia (5.5%), China (3.9%), India (1.3%), Ukraine (0.9%), and South Africa (0.8%), with a world total production of 48,332 tonnes.[82] Most of uranium was produced not by conventional underground mining of ores (29% of production), but by in situ leaching (66%).[82][102]
In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating the deposits at over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons.[103]
The ultimate available supply is believed to be sufficient for at least the next 85 years,[88] although some studies indicate underinvestment in the late twentieth century may produce supply problems in the 21st century.[104] Uranium deposits seem to be log-normal distributed. There is a 300-fold increase in the amount of uranium recoverable for each tenfold decrease in ore grade.[105] In other words, there is little high grade ore and proportionately much more low grade ore available.
Calcined uranium yellowcake, as produced in many large mills, contains a distribution of uranium oxidation species in various forms ranging from most oxidized to least oxidized. Particles with short residence times in a calciner will generally be less oxidized than those with long retention times or particles recovered in the stack scrubber. Uranium content is usually referenced to U 3O 8, which dates to the days of the Manhattan Project when U 3O 8 was used as an analytical chemistry reporting standard.[106]
Phase relationships in the uranium-oxygen system are complex. The most important oxidation states of uranium are uranium(IV) and uranium(VI), and their two corresponding oxides are, respectively, uranium dioxide (UO 2) and uranium trioxide (UO 3).[107] Other uranium oxides such as uranium monoxide (UO), diuranium pentoxide (U 2O 5), and uranium peroxide (UO 4·2H 2O) also exist.
The most common forms of uranium oxide are triuranium octoxide (U 3O 8) and UO 2.[108] Both oxide forms are solids that have low solubility in water and are relatively stable over a wide range of environmental conditions. Triuranium octoxide is (depending on conditions) the most stable compound of uranium and is the form most commonly found in nature. Uranium dioxide is the form in which uranium is most commonly used as a nuclear reactor fuel.[108] At ambient temperatures, UO 2 will gradually convert to U 3O 8. Because of their stability, uranium oxides are generally considered the preferred chemical form for storage or disposal.[108]
Salts of many oxidation states of uranium are water-soluble and may be studied in aqueous solutions. The most common ionic forms are U3+ (brown-red), U4+ (green), UO+ 2 (unstable), and UO2+ 2 (yellow), for U(III), U(IV), U(V), and U(VI), respectively.[109] A few solid and semi-metallic compounds such as UO and US exist for the formal oxidation state uranium(II), but no simple ions are known to exist in solution for that state. Ions of U3+ liberate hydrogen from water and are therefore considered to be highly unstable. The UO2+ 2 ion represents the uranium(VI) state and is known to form compounds such as uranyl carbonate, uranyl chloride and uranyl sulfate. UO2+ 2 also forms complexes with various organic chelating agents, the most commonly encountered of which is uranyl acetate.[109]
Unlike the uranyl salts of uranium and polyatomic ion uranium-oxide cationic forms, the uranates, salts containing a polyatomic uranium-oxide anion, are generally not water-soluble.
Carbonates The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes.
Effects of pH The uranium fraction diagrams in the presence of carbonate illustrate this further: when the pH of a uranium(VI) solution increases, the uranium is converted to a hydrated uranium oxide hydroxide and at high pHs it becomes an anionic hydroxide complex.
When carbonate is added, uranium is converted to a series of carbonate complexes if the pH is increased. One effect of these reactions is increased solubility of uranium in the pH range 6 to 8, a fact that has a direct bearing on the long term stability of spent uranium dioxide nuclear fuels.
Hydrides, carbides and nitrides Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds.[111] Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C.[111]
Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U 3O 8.[111] Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC 2), and diuranium tricarbide (U 2C 3). Both UC and UC 2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures. Stable below 1800 °C, U 2C 3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC 2 to mechanical stress.[112] Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to nitrogen include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN 2), and diuranium trinitride (U 2N 3).[112]
2023.03.30 05:45 roverofthesea How to get over fear of cars - South Asia
I'm an American who is used to large cars, wide streets, and seatbelts. Through all my years of public school I was conditioned to the consequences of unsafe driving.
I'm so scared riding in cars in Nepal -- where the cars are old, taxis often don't have seatbelts, and and cars weave in and out together. I've travelled to Nepal before and I'm returning soon for a wedding. My fear of cars put a serious damper on my last trip and I want to have a better time.
How do you get comfortable riding in a car in an unfamiliar place?
submitted by roverofthesea to travel [link] [comments]
I'm so scared riding in cars in Nepal -- where the cars are old, taxis often don't have seatbelts, and and cars weave in and out together. I've travelled to Nepal before and I'm returning soon for a wedding. My fear of cars put a serious damper on my last trip and I want to have a better time.
How do you get comfortable riding in a car in an unfamiliar place?
2023.03.30 05:20 redbirds4life [WTS] Magpul, Ruger stuff, Haley Strategic, American Defense, and UTG Package, Price Drop
Looking to clear out some items from my bin! NOT SEPARATING AT THE MOMENT.
$160, Price Dropped to $130 shipped!! package deal only, Paypal F&F only! Will ship in the morning!
Pics here: https://imgur.com/a/8pjTvcC
-Magpul MLOK Swing Swivel (rarely used)
-UTG Low Scope 30MM QD Rings
-Ruger AR15 Grip w/screw, Ruger Carbine Spring and Buffer (no shots fired, only dry fire/racking) -
-Haley Strategic Ranger Green X-Straps (basically new)
-American Defense Manufacturing Low T1 Mount with Tac Lever (mounted and used, but in excellent condition)
submitted by redbirds4life to GunAccessoriesForSale [link] [comments]
Pics here: https://imgur.com/a/8pjTvcC
-Magpul MLOK Swing Swivel (rarely used)
-UTG Low Scope 30MM QD Rings
-Ruger AR15 Grip w/screw, Ruger Carbine Spring and Buffer (no shots fired, only dry fire/racking) -
-Haley Strategic Ranger Green X-Straps (basically new)
-American Defense Manufacturing Low T1 Mount with Tac Lever (mounted and used, but in excellent condition)
2023.03.30 02:36 vagabond17 What’s up with the « Civil Peacetime » flag?
Cant find much info on it. This link claims it was flown during peacetime, but now its been usurped by the warflag of horizontal stripes
https://www.michiganfreedejurestate.us/files/HISTORY_OF_THE_US_CIVIL_FLAG.pdf
EDIT: here is a new link with info: http://www.loeser.us/flags/american_note_2.html
submitted by vagabond17 to Sovereigncitizen [link] [comments]
https://www.michiganfreedejurestate.us/files/HISTORY_OF_THE_US_CIVIL_FLAG.pdf
Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, published in 1850 before the War Between The States has this description of the U.S. Civil Flag in the introduction, "The Custom House" --- Salem Custom House – 1850 Salem Custom House – circa 1900". . . Here, with a view from its front windows adown this not very enlivening prospect, and thence across the harbour, stands a spacious edifice of brick. From the loftiest point of its roof, during precisely three and a half hours of each forenoon, floats or droops, in breeze or calm, the banner of the republic; but with the thirteen stripes turned vertically, instead of horizontally, and thus indicating that a civil, and not a military, post of Uncle Sam's government is here established.”
EDIT: here is a new link with info: http://www.loeser.us/flags/american_note_2.html
2023.03.30 02:15 aarisee rate my monthly topster!! (and give me recs)
 | submitted by aarisee to lastfm [link] [comments] |
2023.03.30 01:28 DCProf Consensus Pre-Draft Rookie Prospect Rankings by Position
My prospecting process is always to do my own independent research of the prospects (using a blend of analytics, college production, athletic measurables, and film study) prior to the NFL draft. I also find as many rankings I can from various corners of the Internet or YouTube and throw them into a spreadsheet to get the consensus rankings of the prospects ahead of the draft. I think its important to form an opinion of the prospects prior to NFL draft so that you're not overly swayed by NFL landing spot and move guys like CEH, Skyyy, or Trey Sermon too far up your rankings simply because the NFL team they landed on.
Here are the consensus rankings I have found so that you don't have to do this research yourself (the first number is that player's average position ranking and the number in parenthesis is how many sources had that player ranked top at their position.
Quarterback (15 sources)
Players I personally like less than consensus: CJ Stroud & Jarren Hall
Running Back (21 sources)
Players I personally like less than consensus: Tank Bigbsy, Chase Brown, Kenny McIntosh
Tight Ends (15 sources)
Players I personally like less than consensus: Cameron Latu
Wide Receivers (20 sources)
Players I personally like less than consensus: Parker Washington, Quentin Johnston, JSN, Xavier Hutchinson
submitted by DCProf to DynastyFF [link] [comments]
Here are the consensus rankings I have found so that you don't have to do this research yourself (the first number is that player's average position ranking and the number in parenthesis is how many sources had that player ranked top at their position.
Quarterback (15 sources)
- Bryce Young: 1.31 (12)
- CJ Stroud: 1.94 (3)
- Will Levis: 3.38
- Anthony Richardson: 3.69
- Hendon Hooker: 5.12
- Tanner Mckee: 7.88
- Jaren Hall: 8.31
- Clayton Tune: 10.0
- Jake Haener: 10.44
- Max Duggan: 10.56
Players I personally like less than consensus: CJ Stroud & Jarren Hall
Running Back (21 sources)
- Bijan Robinson: 1.0 (21)
- Jahmyr Gibbs: 2.24
- Zach Charnonnet: 4.14
- Devon Achane: 5.81
- Zach Evans: 6.61
- Sean Tucker: 7.71
- Tank Bigsby: 8.38
- Kendre Miller: 9.86
- Israel Ibanikanda: 10.09
- Tyjae Spears: 11.29
- Chase Brown: 11.29
- Kenny McIntosh: 11.43
- Roschon Johnson: 11.86
- DeWayne McBride: 11.90
- Eric Gray: 12.67
- Deuce Vaughn: 15.76
- Chris Rodriguez: 16.14
- Mohammed Ibrahim: 16.71
- Evan Hull: 20.43
- Camerun Peoples: 22.95
- Tavion Thomas: 23.19
- Travis Dye: 25.24
- Tiyon Evans: 25.43
- Keaton Mitchell: 27.48
- Xavzian Valladay: 30.52
Players I personally like less than consensus: Tank Bigbsy, Chase Brown, Kenny McIntosh
Tight Ends (15 sources)
- Michael Mayer: 1.33 (11)
- Dalton Kincaid: 2.4 (3)
- Luke Musgrove: 3.13 (1)
- Darnell Washington: 4.0
- Tucker Kraft: 5.73
- Sam LaPorta: 5.87
- Josh Whyle: 9.53
- Cameron Latu: 10.13
- Luke Schoonmaker: 10.2
- Zack Kuntz: 11.13
Players I personally like less than consensus: Cameron Latu
Wide Receivers (20 sources)
- Quentin Johnston: 1.85 (9)
- Jordan Addison: 2.75 (2)
- Jaxon Smith-Njigba: 3.00 (7)
- Josh Downs: 5.20
- Jalin Hyatt: 5.55 (2)
- Zay Flowers: 6.45
- Rashee Rice: 9.25
- Kayshon Boutte: 9.95
- Cedric Tillman: 11.00
- Marvin Mims: 12.30
- Xavier Hutchinson: 12.70
- Parker Washington: 14.20
- Tank Dell: 14.95
- Jayden Reed: 15.75
- Jonathan Mingo: 16.40
- AT Perry: 17.6
- Rakim Jarrett: 17.70
- Trey Palmer: 17.85
- Dontayvion Wicks: 18.85
- Charlie Jones: 19.95
- Puca Nucua: 21.55
- Andrei Iosivas: 23.30
- Tyler Scott: 23.85
- Elijah Higgins: 24.60
- Michael Wilson: 24.90
Players I personally like less than consensus: Parker Washington, Quentin Johnston, JSN, Xavier Hutchinson
2023.03.30 01:19 Legionarivs_Romanvs Giuseppe Solaro, "we are the real rebels!"
 | Giuseppe Solaro, a life for socialism and ItalyGiuseppe Solaro, Italian born in 1914, was a left-wing socialist who grew up under the fascist regime and graduated in economics. In 1937 he volunteered with the Italian Expeditionary Force to fight in the Spanish Civil War. Upon Italy's entry into the war in WW2 (1940) he was drafted and even during the war he continued to write newspaper articles on topics such as economics, politics and geopolitics. With the Italian surrender of 8 September 1943 and the outbreak of the civil war, he joined the Italian Social Republic (RSI) because he saw in fascism the only right and realistic way to create a socialist society.During the Fascist-Republican period Giuseppe was put in charge of the Fascist Republican Party in Turin, a very important political role. He was among the greatest supporters of the socialization economic project implemented in the RSI. Loyal to his socialist ideal, during a strike by FIAT workers he took their side forcing the company to increase their wages (in wartime!). WW2 in Italy from 1943 became a civil war between fascists in the north and anti-fascists in the south. The anti-fascist partisans were people who, supported by the Allies, led a guerrilla warfare in the territories controlled by the RSI. Ignoring the laws of war they didn't wear any uniform and after their attacks they often hid among the civilian population in the inhabited centers of cities and villages, Germans and fascists reacted to this by organizing reprisals and sometimes causing civilian victims in their actions. Aware of this, Giuseppe as a political leader often strongly opposed the reprisals wanted by the military authorities as a response to partisan attacks, sometimes successfully managing to prevent them. In the last days of the war in April 1945, with the final Allied advance, the RSI was in collapse. On 23 April he was promoted to regional inspector of the Black Brigades (an anti-guerrilla military corp). On the 25th the Allied forces are at the gates of the city, the Germans and some republican units prepare to withdraw; today April 25 is celebrated in Italy as "liberation day from fascism". On April 26, Giuseppe went to a saving bank ("Cassa di Risparmio") in Turin to withdraw the money necessary to pay all the back wages of his still unpaid soldiers, and at the refusal of the bank manager he decided to break down the bank gate with an armored vehicle and withdraw them anyway. On the 27th he dismantled the Black Brigades and handed over to the soldiers the money from the back wages taken the day before; the same day Mussolini is captured by the partisans in Lombardy. Many Turin fascists refused to join the column of retreating German-Italian forces and organized resistance to the bitter end in the city. Giuseppe, despite his brother Ferdinando begging him to leave the city, decided to stay in Turin. On the 28th the city fell completely into the hands of the Allies, Giuseppe was arrested; it was the same day that Mussolini was shot. On the 29th after a farce and summary trial he was sentenced to death. He was hanged, but the branch of the tree he was hanging from snapped, and while he was semi-conscious and nearly dead, he was picked up and hanged again. That day, before the sentence was carried out he wrote a letter to his wife: "Dear Tina, before dying I express all my love and devotion to you. I have been honest all my life and honestly I die for an idea. May it help Italy on the road to Redemption. Remember me and love me, as I have always loved Italy. Dear Tina, long live free Italy, viva il Duce!" "We are the real rebels"On October 12, 1944, a newspaper published an article of his for which he is still famous today among Italian neofascists. To understand it you need to know that at the time the Germans and fascists spoke of the partisans as "rebels", and that In the article by "plutocrats" he refers to the Anglo-Americans who armed and supported them. I will quote only the most famous part:"We are the real rebels! It is easy for others to be called rebels, when the successes of the Allies encourage them, in the phase in which the war initiative is on their side. It is pleasant to be called a rebel when you are surrounded by the kindness of so many cowardly people who intend to bet on 'the winning horse'; when you have encouragement and help from plutocrats who bet on the deal deemed safer\1]) [...]". Useful infos
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2023.03.30 00:49 Calliaa1 Fake Taxi American redheads tight asshole fucked by dirty driver
 | submitted by Calliaa1 to Oploiuas [link] [comments] |
2023.03.30 00:40 K___logan A separate special operations unit "Centuria" (3rd OSHBr) destroys the invaders with the help of the American BGM-71 TOW ATGM mounted on a Humvee.
 | submitted by K___logan to CombatFootageUkraine [link] [comments] |
2023.03.29 23:45 tonnie_taller Bronny James’ McDonald’s All-American performance has NBA scouts impressed: report
He may not have been the highest-rated recruit at the McDonald’s All-American Game, but Sierra Canyon’s Bronny James, the son of Los Angeles Lakers superstar LeBron James, had NBA scouts and executives all watching Tuesday night. This game isn’t like the NBA All-Star Game, heavy on alley-oops and flashy dunks. Instead, prospects are trying to … Continue reading Bronny James’ McDonald’s All-American performance has NBA scouts impressed: report
submitted by tonnie_taller to Tonnie_Taller [link] [comments]
2023.03.29 22:48 calvin324hk [H] 800+ games/DLCs/VR Games [W] Games/Paypal/TF2 Offers, Best of Boomer Shooters games
https://www.reddit.com/IGSRep/comments/pikmri/calvin324hks_igs_rep_page/
https://www.reddit.com/sgsflaicomments/of2wzu/flair_profile_ucalvin324hk/
Region: NA (Canada)
Price are in USD. Fees on buyer.
CTRL + F to find your games in terms of name
Humble Keys <------ Click Here to see a full list of humble keys
Yakuza: Like a Dragon Legendary Hero Edition
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EMILY IS AWAY <3
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Mechwarrior 5: Mercenaries
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60 Parsecs
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AVICII Invector: Encore Edition
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Warhammer 40,000: Space Wolf Special Edition
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Psychonauts
Warhammer 40,000: Space Wolf Special Edition
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METAL GEAR SOLID V: GROUND ZEROES
Strange Brigade Deluxe Edition
Call of Duty® Modern Warfare 3™
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Euro Truck Simulator 2
Witch It
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Lovecraft's Untold Stories
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Pang Adventures
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Thief of Thieves: Season One
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Amerzone: The Explorer’s Legacy
Black Moon Chronicles
Nostradamus: The Last Prophecy
Red Riding Hood - Star Crossed Lovers
Chicago 1930 : The Prohibition
Sinking Island
Haegemonia: Legions of Iron
Occultus - Mediterranean Cabal
Gevaudan
Windscape
Ultra Space Battle Brawl
Through the Woods
This is the Zodiac Speaking
The Uncertain: Light At The End
The Uncertain - The Last Quiet Day
Tales
Tales of the Neon Sea
Styx: Master of Shadows
She and the Light Bearer
Epistory - Typing Chronicles
A Wolf in Autumn
The Music Machine
Jalopy
Insane 2
Clustertruck
Antigraviator
All-Star Fruit Racing
Constructor Plus
Ice Lakes
Knights of Pen & Paper 2
Victoria II
Kingdom Come: Deliverance – Band of Bastards
Kingdom Come: Deliverance – From the Ashes
Mindustry
Wishlist
submitted by calvin324hk to SteamGameSwap [link] [comments]
https://www.reddit.com/sgsflaicomments/of2wzu/flair_profile_ucalvin324hk/
Region: NA (Canada)
Price are in USD. Fees on buyer.
CTRL + F to find your games in terms of name
Humble Keys <------ Click Here to see a full list of humble keys
Yakuza 6: The Song of Life
Two Point Hospital
Chenso Club
Castlevania: Lords of Shadow – Ultimate Edition
BIOMUTANT
Jurassic World Evolution 2
Golden Light
Hero's Hour
Monster Crown
Rogue Lords
Call of the Sea
Trek to Yomi
Shadow Warrior 3
OlliOlli World Rad Edition (EU)
Encased
Grow: Song of the Evertree
Conan Chop Chop
Hokko Life
The Serpent Rogue
BATTLETECH MERCENARY COLLECTION
BATTLETECH Shadow Hawk Pack
Knights of Pen and Paper +1 Edition
Knights of Pen and Paper - Haunted Fall
KNIGHTS OF PEN AND PAPER 2 - DELUXIEST EDITION
Knights of Pen and Paper 2 - Here Be Dragons
Deathloop
Hell Let Loose
Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice
F1 2019 Anniversary Edition
Valkryia Chronicles 4 Complete Edition
Mafia Definitive Edition
Mordhau
HOT WHEELS UNLEASHED ™
GAS STATION SIMULATOR
IN SOUND MIND
MIND SCANNERS
EMILY IS AWAY <3
OMNO
ATOM RPG Trudograd
Banners of Ruin
Lawn Mowing Simulator
Legend of Keepers
Yes, Your Grace
Mechwarrior 5: Mercenaries
Endzone - A World Apart
60 Parsecs
XCOM: ULTIMATE COLLECTION
PGA 2K21
Bioshock Collection
Warhammer: Vermintide 2 - Collector's Edition
Kingdom Come: Deliverance
CRUSADER KINGS III
JUST CAUSE 4: COMPLETE EDITION
Plague tale
Gas station simulator
Mind scanners
BATTLESTAR GALACTICA DEADLOCK SEASON ONE
Monster Hunter World
Gamedec
Command & Conquer Remastered (Origin)
Surviving The Aftermath
Genesis Noir
Dirt Rally 2.0
| Stand With Ukraine Charity Bundle |
|---|
| Gang Beasts |
| Tinkertown |
| Cloud Gardens |
| Blightbound |
| Stick Fight: The Game |
| Railway Empire |
| Mad Experiments: Escape Room |
| ibb & obb Double Pack |
| The Falconeer |
| Truberbrook |
| At Eve's Wake |
| Interrogation: You will be deceived |
| Hoplegs |
| Cannibal Cuisine |
| Necronator: Dead Wrong |
| Awesomenauts All Nauts pack |
| 1993 Space Machine |
| 8-bit Adventure Anthology: Volume I |
| ChromaGun |
| Baby Dino Adventures |
| Click and Slay |
| Swords and Soldiers 2 Shawarmageddon |
| Cosmonautica |
| Crash Drive 2 |
| Dimension Drive |
| The Way |
| Explosionade |
| Gelly Break Deluxe |
| Guppy |
| Journey For Elysium |
| Last Resort Island |
| Lumini |
| Marooners |
| Nelly Cootalot: Spoonbeaks Ahoy! HD |
| Pizza Connection 3 |
| Pressure Overdrive |
| Renowned Explorers: International Society |
| Tales of the Tiny Planet |
| TaniNani |
| THE CORRIDOR |
| AWAKE - Definitive Edition |
| Treasure Temples |
| Shu |
| Combat Tested |
| Unexplored |
| Rayon Riddles - Rise of the Goblin King |
| Circles |
10 Second Ninja X
The Indie Mixtape
Diaries of a Spaceport Janitor
Epistory - Typing Chronicles
Heroes of Hammerwatch
Monster Slayers - Complete Edition
My Big Sister
Red Ronin
Heal
Cat Lady - The Card Game
Undungeon
Tangledeep
Styx: Shards of Darkness
Styx: Master of Shadows
Squids Odyssey
Pendula Swing - The Complete Journey
Mists of Noyah
King's Bounty: Crossworlds
Jotun: Valhalla Edition
Hero of the Kingdom: The Lost Tales 2
Hero of the Kingdom: The Lost Tales 1
Epistory - Typing Chronicles
Warhammer 40,000: Space Wolf Special Edition
Undead Horde
S.W.I.N.E. HD Remaster
Ghost 1.0
Stirring Abyss
Scarlet Tower
Blood And Zombies
One More Island
Doorways: Prelude / Doorways: Holy Mountains of Flesh
Slain: Back from Hell
Lucius/Lucius 2/Lucius 3/Lucius Demake
Aragami
Deliver Us The Moon
Anuchard
Call of Juarez: Gunslinger
Darkwood
Intravenous
Unexplored 2: The Wayfarer's Legacy
Interstellar Space: Genesis
Survive the Nights
Blasphemous
Unto The End
NUTS
Cat Quest
Cosmic Star Heroine
Degrees of Separation
Pure Farming 2018
SEUM: Speedrunners from Hell
SUPER CHICKEN JUMPER
Syberia/Syberia II/Syberia 3
The Innsmouth Case
Tinytopia
Sniper ghost warrior contracts
Trine 4
Risen 3
Shadowgate
How to Survive
FORCED
Psychonauts
Warhammer 40,000: Space Wolf Special Edition
Sniper Elite 3 + Season Pass DLC
Sniper Ghost Warrior 3 - Season Pass Edition
METAL GEAR SOLID V: GROUND ZEROES
Strange Brigade Deluxe Edition
Call of Duty® Modern Warfare 3™
Sniper Elite 3
Sniper Elite 4 Deluxe Edition
Amnesia: Rebirth
PGA 2k21
Jurassic World Evolution
Darksiders Genesis
Endless Space® 2 - Digital Deluxe Edition
SID MEIER'S CIVILIZATION VI : PLATINUM EDITION
F1 2020
Titan Quest
Euro Truck Simulator 2
Witch It
BEAUTIFUL DESOLATION
CHANGE: A Homeless Survival Experience
Mighty Switch Force! Collection
EVERSPACE
Gone Home + Original Soundtrack
The WB Batman Collection
Batman: Arkham Asylum Game of the Year Edition
Batman: Arkham City - Game of the Year Edition
Beholder
Beholder 2
We Were Here Together
Kyle is Famous: Complete Edition
GRIP: Combat Racing *-GRIP: Combat Racing - Cygon Garage Kit *-GRIP: Combat Racing - Nyvoss Garage Kit *GRIP: Combat Racing - Terra Garage Kit *GRIP: Combat Racing - Vintek Garage Kit
Keep Talking and Nobody Explodes
Lead and Gold: Gangs of the Wild West
Miscreated
Second Extinction
Survive or Die
Breathedge
Dead in Vinland
Die Young
Empyrion - Galactic Survival
How to Survive 2
The Wild Eight
One Finger Death Punch 2
Power Rangers: Battle for the Grid
Slap City
Fahrenheit: Indigo Prophecy Remastered
Layers of Fear: Masterpiece Edition
Civilization: Beyond Earth – The Collection
Borderlands: The Handsome Collection
Primal Carnage: Extinction
Due Process
SimpleRockets 2
Killing Floor 2
For the King
For The King: Lost Civilization Adventure Pack
Pro Cycling Manager 2020
Tour de France 2020
Infectonator 3: Apocalypse
Warhammer: Chaosbane
Project Highrise
LAST OASIS
The Beast Inside
Terminus: Zombie Survivors
Crown Trick
Discolored
Everhood
Grand Mountain Adventure: Wonderlands
Nomad Survival
Sparklite
The Ramp
Valfaris
Dusk Diver
Neverinth
Tokyo Xanadu eX+
Zengeon
Spirit Hunter: Death Mark
Unmemory
Nigate Tale
Rogue Heroes: Ruins of Tasos
Liberated
Neversong
Nine Parchments
The Walking Dead
Secret Government
Monsters' Den: Godfall
Interplanetary: Enhanced Edition
Learn Japanese To Survive! Hiragana Battle
Learn Japanese To Survive! Kanji Combat
Learn Japanese To Survive! Katakana War
The Eternal Castle [REMASTERED]
THIS WAR OF MINE: COMPLETE EDITION
Cats in Time
Afterparty
Battlecruisers
Astronarch
Save Room - Organization Puzzle
PlataGO! Super Platform Game Maker
Nongunz: Doppelganger Edition
Warhammer vermintide collector's edition
Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons
Tank Mechanic Simulator
The Uncertain: Light At The End
INSOMNIA: The Ark
Darkside Detective
Shadow Tactics: Blades of the Shogun
GIGA WRECKER
Panty Party
Fell Seal: Arbiter's Mark
Tannenberg
Golf It!
Heroes of Hammerwatch
The Battle of Polytopia *DLC1. Cymanti Tribe *DLC2. ∑∫ỹriȱŋ Tribe *DLC3. Aquarion Tribe *DLC4. Polaris Tribe
Leisure Suit Larry - Wet Dreams Don't Dry
Lornsword Winter Chronicle
Oddworld: New 'n' Tasty
N++ (NPLUSPLUS)
Yooka-Laylee and the Impossible Lair
Virgo Versus The Zodiac
They Bleed Pixels
Maize
Smile For Me
The Haunted Island, a Frog Detective Game
Frog Detective 2: The Case of the Invisible Wizard
A Hole New World
Sumoman
Shape of the World
Evan's Remains
Ministry of Broadcast
She Sees Red - Interactive Movie
A Long Way Down
Depraved
Helheim Hassle
Neurodeck : Psychological Deckbuilder
Tropico 5 - Complete Collection
Escapists 2
Worms Rumble *Worms Rumble - New Challengers Pack *Worms Rumble - Legends Pack *Worms Rumble - Armageddon Weapon Skin Pack *Worms Rumble - Captain & Shark Double Pack
John Wick Hex
Hiveswap friendsim
Achtung! Cthulhu Tactics
Turmoil
Narcos: Rise of the Cartels
Rogue Stormers
Torchlight
Fictorum
Ken Follett's The Pillars of the Earth
Moon Hunters
No Time to Relax
Overpass
Blood Bowl 2
SimCity 4 Deluxe Edition
Conarium
Brawlout
F1 RACE STARS Complete Edition Include DLC
Killing Room
Tenta Shooter / The 触シュー
Everreach: Project Eden
Railway Empire
Looterkings
Headsnatchers
Battlestar Galactica Deadlock
AIdol
Livelock
The Letter - Horror Visual Novel
F1 2018
Tacoma
Hard West - Collector's Edition
Hard West: Scars of Freedom DLC
Masquerada: Songs and Shadows
The Shrouded Isle
Joint Task Force
The World Next Door
Verdant Skies
DISTRAINT 2
Ittle Dew
Ittle Dew 2+
Oxenfree
Monstrum
Strikey Sisters
Do Not Feed the Monkeys
Counter Terrorist Agency
Cyber Ops
European Ship Simulator
Fishing Adventure
Internet Cafe Simulator
Zen Chess: Mate in One, Mate in 2 , Mate in 3 , Mate in 4 , Champion's Moves (5 games)
Transport INC
Shoppe Keep 2 - Business and Agriculture RPG Simulation
Desolate
GRIP: Combat Racing + DLC
OUTBUDDIES DX
Eidolon
Pizza Connection 3
Spartan Fist
River City Ransom: Underground
Saints Row: The Third
Koi-Koi Japan [Hanafuda playing cards] *Koi-Koi Japan : UKIYOE tours Vol.1 DLC *Koi-Koi Japan : UKIYOE tours Vol.2 DLC *Koi-Koi Japan : UKIYOE tours Vol.3 DLC
Mahjong Pretty Girls Battle
Mahjong Pretty Girls Battle : School Girls Edition
Pretty Girls Mahjong Solitaire
Princess Kaguya: Legend of the Moon Warrior
Delicious! Pretty Girls Mahjong Solitaire
Chaos Reborn
Driftland: The Magic Revival
Shadows: Awakening
Caveblazers
Fallback: Uprising
Mordheim: City of the Damned
WRC 7 FIA World Rally Championship
Mana Spark
Autonauts
Nusakana
Shift Happens
Crash Drive 3
Hot Tin Roof: The Cat That Wore A Fedora
Automachef
Demolish & Build 2017
Resort Boss: Golf
Out of Space
Narita Boy
Aven Colony
Alien Breed Trilogy
Tools up
Mount & Blade
Mount & Blade: With Fire & Sword
BLACKHOLE: Complete Edition
Detention
Downfall
Miasmata
Overclocked: A History of Violence
Silver Chains
White Night
The Cat Lady
Syberia 3
Textorcist
GARAGE bad trip
Guts and glory
Swag and Sorcery
Fort Triumph
Orwell: Ignorance is Strength
FRAMED Collection
ROTASTIC
As Far as the Eye
Cepheus Protocol
Overruled
Ageless
Giana Sisters 2D
Prank Call
Hotshot Racing
Undead Horde
Streets of Fury EX
Rec Center Tycoon
JumpJet Rex
Hyper Knights
Vectronom
Levelhead
I am not a Monster: First Contact
Papo & Yo
Crookz the big heist
Iron Fisticle
Sniper: Ghost Warrior 2
Fun with Ragdolls: The Game
Reventure
Smoke and Sacrifice
American Fugitive
The Signal From Tölva
Medieval Kingdom Wars
Rebel Galaxy
XIII - Classic
Comedy Night
Darkness Within 2: The Dark Lineage
FLATLAND Vol.2
The Chess Variants Club
Armada 2526 Gold Edition
Toybox Turbos
Sudden Strike Gold
Airport Madness: World Edition
King's Bounty: Warriors of the North
Planet Alcatraz
NecroVisioN: Lost Company
Star Wolves
Konung 2
Men of War
A.I.M.2 Clan Wars
Parkan 2
El Matador
Ascension to the Throne
Peaky Blinders: Mastermind
The Flame in the Flood
When Ski Lifts Go Wrong
Bomber Crew
10 Second Ninja X
The Sacred Tears TRUE
Fred3ric
Lovecraft's Untold Stories
Path to Mnemosyne
CastleStorm
Crush Your Enemies
Semblance
S.W.I.N.E. HD Remaster
Radio Commander
Boneless Zombie
Robot Squad Simulator 2017
Pretty Girls Panic!
Poker Pretty Girls Battle: Texas Hold'em
VVVVVV
Warhammer Space wolf
Blazing Chrome
Car Mechanic Simulator 2015
Pang Adventures
Party Hard 2
REKT! High Octane Stunts
Thief of Thieves: Season One
Trailblazers
Warhammer: End Times - Vermintide
Demetrios - Deluxe Edition
Cobra Kai: The Karate Kid Saga Continues
GemCraft - Frostborn Wrath
Neversong
Nickelodeon Kart Racers 2: Grand Prix
Rebel Galaxy Outlaw
Shadowhand: RPG Card Game
Survivalist: Invisible Strain
We Were Here Too
Blacksad: Under the Skin
Heroes of Hammerwatch
Leisure Suit Larry 1-7
Murder by Numbers
Redout: Enhanced Edition
Rise of Industry + 2130 DLC
Ziggurat
They Bleed Pixels
Sunblaze
Noosphere
Train Valley 1+2
Door Kickers: Action Squad
Vikings - Wolves of Midgard
Vambrace: Cold Soul
The Void
The Vagrant
Republique
Nephise: Ascension
Leisure Suit Larry - Wet Dreams Don't Dry
Knock-knock
Jewel Match Atlantis Solitaire - Collector's Edition
Healer's Quest
Fictorum
A Robot Named Fight!
Skautfold Chapters 1-4
Hero of the Kingdom: Trilogy
198X
Danger Scavenger
Doctor Who: The Lonely Assassins
Dread X Collection
Going Under
My Lovely Daughter
Rage in Peace
Flashback
Garfield Kart
Curse: The Eye of Isis
Amerzone: The Explorer’s Legacy
Black Moon Chronicles
Nostradamus: The Last Prophecy
Red Riding Hood - Star Crossed Lovers
Chicago 1930 : The Prohibition
Sinking Island
Haegemonia: Legions of Iron
Occultus - Mediterranean Cabal
Gevaudan
Windscape
Ultra Space Battle Brawl
Through the Woods
This is the Zodiac Speaking
The Uncertain: Light At The End
The Uncertain - The Last Quiet Day
Tales
Tales of the Neon Sea
Styx: Master of Shadows
She and the Light Bearer
Epistory - Typing Chronicles
A Wolf in Autumn
The Music Machine
Jalopy
Insane 2
Clustertruck
Antigraviator
All-Star Fruit Racing
Constructor Plus
Ice Lakes
Knights of Pen & Paper 2
Victoria II
Kingdom Come: Deliverance – Band of Bastards
Kingdom Come: Deliverance – From the Ashes
Mindustry
| Games |
|---|
| Cube Runner |
| Slash It Ultimate |
| Slash It 2 |
| Slash It |
| Cybercube |
| Poly Island |
| Spin Rush |
| Upside Down |
| Neon Space |
| Hungry Flame |
| Charlie's Adventure |
| Neon Space 2 |
| Duke of Alpha Centauri |
| VR Games |
|---|
| House Flipper VR |
| Telefrag VR |
| Slinger VR |
2023.03.29 22:48 calvin324hk [H] 800+ games/DLCs/VR Games [W] Games/Paypal/TF2 Offers, Best of Boomer Shooters games
https://www.reddit.com/IGSRep/comments/pikmri/calvin324hks_igs_rep_page/
https://www.reddit.com/sgsflaicomments/of2wzu/flair_profile_ucalvin324hk/
Region: NA (Canada)
Price are in USD. Fees on buyer.
CTRL + F to find your games in terms of name
Humble Keys <------ Click Here to see a full list of humble keys
Yakuza: Like a Dragon Legendary Hero Edition
Yakuza 6: The Song of Life
Two Point Hospital
Chenso Club
Castlevania: Lords of Shadow – Ultimate Edition
BIOMUTANT
Jurassic World Evolution 2
Golden Light
Hero's Hour
Monster Crown
Rogue Lords
Call of the Sea
Trek to Yomi
Shadow Warrior 3
OlliOlli World Rad Edition (EU)
Encased
Grow: Song of the Evertree
Conan Chop Chop
Hokko Life
The Serpent Rogue
BATTLETECH MERCENARY COLLECTION
BATTLETECH Shadow Hawk Pack
Knights of Pen and Paper +1 Edition
Knights of Pen and Paper - Haunted Fall
KNIGHTS OF PEN AND PAPER 2 - DELUXIEST EDITION
Knights of Pen and Paper 2 - Here Be Dragons
Deathloop
Hell Let Loose
Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice
F1 2019 Anniversary Edition
Valkryia Chronicles 4 Complete Edition
Mafia Definitive Edition
Mordhau
HOT WHEELS UNLEASHED ™
GAS STATION SIMULATOR
IN SOUND MIND
MIND SCANNERS
EMILY IS AWAY <3
OMNO
ATOM RPG Trudograd
Banners of Ruin
Lawn Mowing Simulator
Legend of Keepers
Yes, Your Grace
Mechwarrior 5: Mercenaries
Endzone - A World Apart
60 Parsecs
XCOM: ULTIMATE COLLECTION
PGA 2K21
Bioshock Collection
Warhammer: Vermintide 2 - Collector's Edition
Kingdom Come: Deliverance
CRUSADER KINGS III
JUST CAUSE 4: COMPLETE EDITION
Plague tale
Gas station simulator
Mind scanners
BATTLESTAR GALACTICA DEADLOCK SEASON ONE
Monster Hunter World
Gamedec
Command & Conquer Remastered (Origin)
Surviving The Aftermath
Genesis Noir
Dirt Rally 2.0
Other Games
AVICII Invector: Encore Edition
10 Second Ninja X
The Indie Mixtape
Diaries of a Spaceport Janitor
Epistory - Typing Chronicles
Heroes of Hammerwatch
Monster Slayers - Complete Edition
My Big Sister
Red Ronin
Heal
Cat Lady - The Card Game
Undungeon
Tangledeep
Styx: Shards of Darkness
Styx: Master of Shadows
Squids Odyssey
Pendula Swing - The Complete Journey
Mists of Noyah
King's Bounty: Crossworlds
Jotun: Valhalla Edition
Hero of the Kingdom: The Lost Tales 2
Hero of the Kingdom: The Lost Tales 1
Epistory - Typing Chronicles
Warhammer 40,000: Space Wolf Special Edition
Undead Horde
S.W.I.N.E. HD Remaster
Ghost 1.0
Stirring Abyss
Scarlet Tower
Blood And Zombies
One More Island
Doorways: Prelude / Doorways: Holy Mountains of Flesh
Slain: Back from Hell
Lucius/Lucius 2/Lucius 3/Lucius Demake
Aragami
Deliver Us The Moon
Anuchard
Call of Juarez: Gunslinger
Darkwood
Intravenous
Unexplored 2: The Wayfarer's Legacy
Interstellar Space: Genesis
Survive the Nights
Blasphemous
Unto The End
NUTS
Cat Quest
Cosmic Star Heroine
Degrees of Separation
Pure Farming 2018
SEUM: Speedrunners from Hell
SUPER CHICKEN JUMPER
Syberia/Syberia II/Syberia 3
The Innsmouth Case
Tinytopia
Sniper ghost warrior contracts
Trine 4
Risen 3
Shadowgate
How to Survive
FORCED
Psychonauts
Warhammer 40,000: Space Wolf Special Edition
Sniper Elite 3 + Season Pass DLC
Sniper Ghost Warrior 3 - Season Pass Edition
METAL GEAR SOLID V: GROUND ZEROES
Strange Brigade Deluxe Edition
Call of Duty® Modern Warfare 3™
Sniper Elite 3
Sniper Elite 4 Deluxe Edition
Amnesia: Rebirth
PGA 2k21
Jurassic World Evolution
Darksiders Genesis
Endless Space® 2 - Digital Deluxe Edition
SID MEIER'S CIVILIZATION VI : PLATINUM EDITION
F1 2020
Titan Quest
Euro Truck Simulator 2
Witch It
BEAUTIFUL DESOLATION
CHANGE: A Homeless Survival Experience
Mighty Switch Force! Collection
EVERSPACE
Gone Home + Original Soundtrack
The WB Batman Collection
Batman: Arkham Asylum Game of the Year Edition
Batman: Arkham City - Game of the Year Edition
Beholder
Beholder 2
We Were Here Together
Kyle is Famous: Complete Edition
GRIP: Combat Racing *-GRIP: Combat Racing - Cygon Garage Kit *-GRIP: Combat Racing - Nyvoss Garage Kit *GRIP: Combat Racing - Terra Garage Kit *GRIP: Combat Racing - Vintek Garage Kit
Keep Talking and Nobody Explodes
Lead and Gold: Gangs of the Wild West
Miscreated
Second Extinction
Survive or Die
Breathedge
Dead in Vinland
Die Young
Empyrion - Galactic Survival
How to Survive 2
The Wild Eight
One Finger Death Punch 2
Power Rangers: Battle for the Grid
Slap City
Fahrenheit: Indigo Prophecy Remastered
Layers of Fear: Masterpiece Edition
Civilization: Beyond Earth – The Collection
Borderlands: The Handsome Collection
Primal Carnage: Extinction
Due Process
SimpleRockets 2
Killing Floor 2
For the King
For The King: Lost Civilization Adventure Pack
Pro Cycling Manager 2020
Tour de France 2020
Infectonator 3: Apocalypse
Warhammer: Chaosbane
Project Highrise
LAST OASIS
The Beast Inside
Terminus: Zombie Survivors
Crown Trick
Discolored
Everhood
Grand Mountain Adventure: Wonderlands
Nomad Survival
Sparklite
The Ramp
Valfaris
Dusk Diver
Neverinth
Tokyo Xanadu eX+
Zengeon
Spirit Hunter: Death Mark
Unmemory
Nigate Tale
Rogue Heroes: Ruins of Tasos
Liberated
Neversong
Nine Parchments
The Walking Dead
Secret Government
Monsters' Den: Godfall
Interplanetary: Enhanced Edition
Learn Japanese To Survive! Hiragana Battle
Learn Japanese To Survive! Kanji Combat
Learn Japanese To Survive! Katakana War
The Eternal Castle [REMASTERED]
THIS WAR OF MINE: COMPLETE EDITION
Cats in Time
Afterparty
Battlecruisers
Astronarch
Save Room - Organization Puzzle
PlataGO! Super Platform Game Maker
Nongunz: Doppelganger Edition
Warhammer vermintide collector's edition
Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons
Tank Mechanic Simulator
The Uncertain: Light At The End
INSOMNIA: The Ark
Darkside Detective
Shadow Tactics: Blades of the Shogun
GIGA WRECKER
Panty Party
Fell Seal: Arbiter's Mark
Tannenberg
Golf It!
Heroes of Hammerwatch
The Battle of Polytopia *DLC1. Cymanti Tribe *DLC2. ∑∫ỹriȱŋ Tribe *DLC3. Aquarion Tribe *DLC4. Polaris Tribe
Leisure Suit Larry - Wet Dreams Don't Dry
Lornsword Winter Chronicle
Oddworld: New 'n' Tasty
N++ (NPLUSPLUS)
Yooka-Laylee and the Impossible Lair
Virgo Versus The Zodiac
They Bleed Pixels
Maize
Smile For Me
The Haunted Island, a Frog Detective Game
Frog Detective 2: The Case of the Invisible Wizard
A Hole New World
Sumoman
Shape of the World
Evan's Remains
Ministry of Broadcast
She Sees Red - Interactive Movie
A Long Way Down
Depraved
Helheim Hassle
Neurodeck : Psychological Deckbuilder
Tropico 5 - Complete Collection
Escapists 2
Worms Rumble *Worms Rumble - New Challengers Pack *Worms Rumble - Legends Pack *Worms Rumble - Armageddon Weapon Skin Pack *Worms Rumble - Captain & Shark Double Pack
John Wick Hex
Hiveswap friendsim
Achtung! Cthulhu Tactics
Turmoil
Narcos: Rise of the Cartels
Rogue Stormers
Torchlight
Fictorum
Ken Follett's The Pillars of the Earth
Moon Hunters
No Time to Relax
Overpass
Blood Bowl 2
SimCity 4 Deluxe Edition
Conarium
Brawlout
F1 RACE STARS Complete Edition Include DLC
Killing Room
Tenta Shooter / The 触シュー
Everreach: Project Eden
Railway Empire
Looterkings
Headsnatchers
Battlestar Galactica Deadlock
AIdol
Livelock
The Letter - Horror Visual Novel
F1 2018
Tacoma
Hard West - Collector's Edition
Hard West: Scars of Freedom DLC
Masquerada: Songs and Shadows
The Shrouded Isle
Joint Task Force
The World Next Door
Verdant Skies
DISTRAINT 2
Ittle Dew
Ittle Dew 2+
Oxenfree
Monstrum
Strikey Sisters
Do Not Feed the Monkeys
Counter Terrorist Agency
Cyber Ops
European Ship Simulator
Fishing Adventure
Internet Cafe Simulator
Zen Chess: Mate in One, Mate in 2 , Mate in 3 , Mate in 4 , Champion's Moves (5 games)
Transport INC
Shoppe Keep 2 - Business and Agriculture RPG Simulation
Desolate
GRIP: Combat Racing + DLC
OUTBUDDIES DX
Eidolon
Pizza Connection 3
Spartan Fist
River City Ransom: Underground
Saints Row: The Third
Koi-Koi Japan [Hanafuda playing cards] *Koi-Koi Japan : UKIYOE tours Vol.1 DLC *Koi-Koi Japan : UKIYOE tours Vol.2 DLC *Koi-Koi Japan : UKIYOE tours Vol.3 DLC
Mahjong Pretty Girls Battle
Mahjong Pretty Girls Battle : School Girls Edition
Pretty Girls Mahjong Solitaire
Princess Kaguya: Legend of the Moon Warrior
Delicious! Pretty Girls Mahjong Solitaire
Chaos Reborn
Driftland: The Magic Revival
Shadows: Awakening
Caveblazers
Fallback: Uprising
Mordheim: City of the Damned
WRC 7 FIA World Rally Championship
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2023.03.29 22:08 louieanderson "Democrats need a post-populist economics"
A very poor effort, see me after class.
submitted by louieanderson to thedismalscience [link] [comments]
It manifests itself on the far left and right as general hostility to big business and, more recently, to Big Tech in particular.The right are hostile to big business?! Sen. Grassely (R-IA) the longest serving senator and about as status quo as one can get for the republican party is far right? Amy Klobuchar (D-MN) is a populist?
Fortunately, the populists’ reckless drive to break up America’s most innovative and globally competitive enterprises seems to be sputtering.Innovative and competitive american companies like checks notes tik tok:
But the marketplace for digital devices and services seems hotly competitive. In less than a decade, for example, Tik Tok, a Chinese company, has zoomed past Meta’s Instagram as the most popular social media platform for young people.
That could prove liberating for Democrats, who will never outcompete rightwing demagogues when it comes to stoking economic grievances.What? Maybe Donald Trump's talking points but that's not mainstream party policy.
Instead, Democrats need a post-populist economics that inspires hope in America’s ability to innovate rapidly, generate abundant growth and opportunity and outpace China in the race to master frontier technologies.What does this even mean? Big tech has had over a decade of loose monetary policy to fund unprofitable stupid shit like crypto, which they've done to an alarming degree. And it's failed, horribly. Signature, FTX, Binance, pretty sure coinbase is about to go down. Billions in wasted "innovation." SVB just got bailed out.
The bill’s defenders naturally blame their failure to get political traction on Big Tech’s formidable lobbying power. No doubt that’s a factor, but the fundamental cause is the flimsiness of their case.Where does the funding for PPI come from again?
Unable to show how U.S. consumers are harmed financially by the services they’re eagerly snapping up from tech companies, Washington’s populists have cooked up a new antitrust theory: The digital giants are using their market power to suffocate or absorb smaller competitors.This is a reference to the Chicago school hustle that monopolies are only harmful if it can be shown consumers paid a higher price than they would have otherwise. There are reasons to be concerned about concentration of corporate power: adverse effects from non-competing markets, worse innovation (lower quality), worse labor outcomes, undue influence on regulation and vertical pressure/integration, etc.
But the marketplace for digital devices and services seems hotly competitive. In less than a decade, for example, Tik Tok, a Chinese company, has zoomed past Meta’s Instagram as the most popular social media platform for young people.A company backed by an authoritarian state with adverse interests to the U.S. outpaced an early player in the social media space that grew due to a moat based on network effects. How do either of these relate to competition, free markets, or the viability of small businesses?
Prices are another telltale sign. In highly concentrated markets, they tend to rise as monopolists extract “rents” from consumers who can’t find what they want elsewhere. Yet prices in the digital sector have stayed low, acting as a moderating force on the inflation that’s otherwise plaguing U.S. households.This is because the price is subsidized by externality of forfeiting ones private information, which is not given a dollar amount. The service itself may be free, some portion funded by advertising, but the value is what the consumer gives away opaquely without compensation or effective legal oversight. Other companies are marketed as tech when they are not e.g. Tesla or Uber, which exist because they are subsidized by investors.
Although the antitrust bills raise alarms about market concentration, they are carefully tailored to hit just four U.S. tech companies: Google, Amazon, Apple and Meta. Amazon’s main rival is Walmart, an enormous company that isn’t on the antitrusters’ radar.Yes, we should also target anti-trust for companies like Wal-Mart; that's agreeable.
Many rightwing populists have jumped on the anti-tech bandwagon for parochial political reasons. They complain that Big Tech platforms censure conservatives by banning Donald Trump’s election lies and alt-right websites trafficking in hatred and conspiracy theories.Elon Musk bought twitter to spout his nonsense, and bring Trump back, this is a silly argument.
This is the worst possible moment to dismantle or handcuff our major tech firms, for three reasons. First, we stand on the brink of a fateful race to develop commercial applications for two transformative technologies: generative AI and quantum computing. Here the big four are followers, not leaders: ChatGPT was developed by a small laboratory, OpenAI, which is bankrolled by Microsoft and other investors.Literally large established tech companies buying up smaller competitors because they fail to innovate. Marshall contradicts his own argument.
Second, the supposedly omnipotent Big Tech firms are shrinking rather than spreading their tentacles around the U.S. economy. They are laying off tens of thousands of workers (Meta is set to reduce its workforce by 13 percent), and their market capitalizations have tumbled.What is this proof of exactly? Large companies have been laying off workers forever. Other, non-tech companies are laying off employees.
Third and most important, the United States is locked in a momentous competition with China for mastery of AI and other technologies that are crucial to U.S. prosperity and national security. To prevail in this global contest for “innovation power,” we’ll need some big competitors and the vibrant innovative ecosystem that surrounds them.But you just said large companies don't innovate which is why Microsoft funded openai.
Tech’s critics raise some legitimate issues, especially around privacy, data security and mergers. But today’s techlash also reflects the lingering outrage and pessimism from the 2008-9 economic crisis, which shook public faith in the stability and fairness of America’s free enterprise system.Why would that ever stop being a valid concern, particularly if no changes were made to address it?
On the left, Sens. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) and Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) and the House “squad” of democratic socialists rail incessantly against corporate profits and capitalism’s “rigged game.” The Biden administration unwisely gave key policymaking posts to academic theorists such as Lina Khan and Tim Wu, whose antitech animus made them leftwing celebrities.Most people don't know who either of those people are, and it's strange the left are getting tagged with Biden's own appointments; remember Biden is PPI's candidate. Both Tim Wu and Lina Khan have established credentials in their field of expertise, meanwhile this inconsistent and poorly assembled opinion piece is from regulatory expert Will Marshall who holds a bachelors in english and history and has prior work experience as a speech writer and journalist. Really your criticism is to litigate inexpert commentary on regulations? This is clown commentary.
On the right, former President Trump jettisoned the Republicans’ habitual deference to Big Business and lambasted U.S. companies for betraying working Americans by moving production abroad and backing free trade.Trump's rhetoric doesn't match his actions, he enacted tariffs but also renegotiated NAFTA. What labor protections did he adopt?
However justified the populist backlash may have been, it offers few answers to the new economic puzzles we must solve: inflation’s return; cascading public debt; public underinvestment in the skills and career prospects of non-college youth; slow productivity and wage growth, especially in former industrial centers; and outdated regulations that strangle entrepreneurs and slow to a snail’s pace the building of new economic and clean energy infrastructure.Not only has this commentary failed to address any of these issues in concrete terms, it hasn't even addressed the substantive effects and consequences of the legislation its referenced. Remember at the beginning of the article when you mentioned actual pieces of legislation? Never is discussed what those bills actually do. This is a think tank that generates no thoughts, this is a policy center that has no concrete commentary on policy. Not one regulation has been mentioned, one may walk away from this article with no understanding as to what these bills actually enforce, change, or regulate.
But we badly need leaders who inspire economic confidence, not despair and defeatism. Democrats should leave populist doom and gloom to Trump and his minions, and instead channel the forward-looking, optimistic and radically pragmatic spirit of Presidents Clinton, Kennedy and FDR.What does that have to do with anything? What does this even mean, what does any of this stupid shit mean? By his own standard FDR was a populist adopting communist policy in response to black Monday. "...celebrating U.S. ingenuity and entrepreneurial verve..." that's not a policy, that's not a piece of legislation, that's not actionable. This man is an idiot.
After 15 years of telling Americans how bad they have it, it’s time to offer them an exciting picture of how today’s economic changes and technological advances can make our lives better. That starts by celebrating U.S. ingenuity and entrepreneurial verve, not punishing successful companies simply for getting big.
2023.03.29 22:08 CRAZY729 🌴 Project Oasis RP v2 🌴• 💯 Quality Roleplay • 🔫 Gangs & Businesses 🏢 • 🍂 Drugs & Jobs 👔 • discord.gg/projectoasis
 | submitted by CRAZY729 to FiveMServers [link] [comments] https://preview.redd.it/zw6jg760jqqa1.png?width=1323&format=png&auto=webp&s=5d4b305f36a91bac8d4fd6529d9bea0c8adb956d https://preview.redd.it/2ni9ppwyiqqa1.png?width=1536&format=png&auto=webp&s=a2f98a4a7d38f45f17c885ba97277a07ea5ea087 Chances are if you're reading this you are in need of a new home. We hope you choose Project Oasis as your new home. At Project Oasis we take our role-playing very seriously. In order to give our players a pleasant and enjoyable experience, our server is run by a modified version of the well-known QBcore Framework. Project Oasis RP was founded by experienced role players and was developed over the course of over a thousand hours. Right now is the perfect time to join Project Oasis because we just recently launched Project Oasis V2 in January 2023 with a brand-new economy. At Project Oasis we want to encourage individuals to roleplay in any way they wish, we want to create an environment that makes it fun to play any job or character in the city. Since opening in June 2022, we have experienced rapid growth. To provide the best service, Project Oasis has a great team of administrators, staff, designers, and developers who are here to help you enjoy your experience in the city. Project Oasis RP - Values Value 1 - Quality Roleplay Above all, we value quality roleplay here at Oasis. We want you to create memories, be creative, and most importantly have fun! Value 2 - The Oasis for All We know you have joined our city to check it out and are probably looking for a new home. Our aim is to be everyone's Oasis in the desert. That one little golden place where you can seek refuge.
What does Project Oasis RP have for you?: 🏢 Player Owned Businesses 🚗 Custom Import Vehicles With Custom Handing 🚙 Street Racing 🤙 Gang Friendly RP 📈 Fresh and Recently Wiped Economy 🎽 Custom EUP 🏳️🌈 LGBTQ+ Friendly 👀 Tons of Fun For Everyone 😎 A lot of Scripts To Make Sure Nobody Gets Bored 🚔🚑🚒🧑⚖️ Always Hiring LEO, EMS, Fire, Lawyers, and DOJ 👓 Fully Optimized Server With Good Connection 🎉 Weekly Events Civilian Jobs:
Player Owned Businesses:
Government Jobs:
Activities:
Illegal Activities:
There are millions of other ways to do illegal things in the city, all of which are hidden under the surface which you must roleplay with citizens to get more information on! |
2023.03.29 22:06 iGauts Join the International Simulation Football League!
First off, I want to thank the Bengals mod team for allowing this post!
The 40th season of the International Simulation Football League is wrapping up, which means that it is a great time to create a player and join! The ISFL is a free online sim league where you create a professional American Football player and control their journey through the pros from pre-draft to retirement. With over 30 player archetypes to choose from, you can be anything from a pass-catching running back to a ball hawking safety or even a strong legged kicker.
Your player will compete in games (simulated using Draft Day Sports: Pro Football 2021) throughout the week that premiere on our YouTube channel nightly. Each 16-game season lasts about 6 weeks, including playoffs, followed by a 2 week offseason. Complete stats are recorded on the league index, and we also have cool user-made tools to keep track of historical records and our very own Hall of Fame.
With hundreds of players and over 20 teams across the developmental and major leagues, the ISFL is also an active online community. Joining a team is not only a chance to see your player succeed, but also to hang out with fellow users in the Discord server that serves as your team’s locker room. You’ll be joining a tight-knit group of like-minded people who enjoy getting a bit nerdy about football and root together for your players when they take the simulated field.
During your player’s career, you can improve their attributes by spending 10-15 minutes completing optional tasks each week, like predicting the winners of each game or mocking the 1st round of the draft. The league is 100% free - there is no "pay to win" and nothing costs real money to unlock. You will earn fake league currency through your player's contracts or through creating content like media (ranging from statistical breakdowns to mock drafts to fun fluff pieces), graphics, or podcasts. You can use it to further upgrade your player and make fun purchases like collectible trading cards of ISFL players!
Rookie Discord: https://discord.gg/EVrfNJCPgs Our Subreddit: SimulationFootball Rookie Guide: https://forums.sim-football.com/showthread.php?tid=6235 Create-a-Player Tool: https://forums.sim-football.com/form.php?formid=1
submitted by iGauts to bengals [link] [comments]
The 40th season of the International Simulation Football League is wrapping up, which means that it is a great time to create a player and join! The ISFL is a free online sim league where you create a professional American Football player and control their journey through the pros from pre-draft to retirement. With over 30 player archetypes to choose from, you can be anything from a pass-catching running back to a ball hawking safety or even a strong legged kicker.
Your player will compete in games (simulated using Draft Day Sports: Pro Football 2021) throughout the week that premiere on our YouTube channel nightly. Each 16-game season lasts about 6 weeks, including playoffs, followed by a 2 week offseason. Complete stats are recorded on the league index, and we also have cool user-made tools to keep track of historical records and our very own Hall of Fame.
With hundreds of players and over 20 teams across the developmental and major leagues, the ISFL is also an active online community. Joining a team is not only a chance to see your player succeed, but also to hang out with fellow users in the Discord server that serves as your team’s locker room. You’ll be joining a tight-knit group of like-minded people who enjoy getting a bit nerdy about football and root together for your players when they take the simulated field.
Sounds Great! How Do I Start?
If you want to jump in right away, a great place to start is to join the ISFL Rookie Discord. Our team of rookie mentors will be happy to answer any questions and assist you with creating your player and getting started on your ISFL career! If you want to read more about the process first, we have a great Rookie Guide written up on the league forums, or a short version on our subreddit, SimulationFootball.What Happens After I Create My Player?
After making your player, you'll be scouted by teams that are entirely run by real people and drafted to a developmental team in the DSFL Draft on Thursday, April 13. Just like the games, the YouTube channel streams all our offseason events including drafts, awards shows, and the Prospect Bowl that your new player will compete in!During your player’s career, you can improve their attributes by spending 10-15 minutes completing optional tasks each week, like predicting the winners of each game or mocking the 1st round of the draft. The league is 100% free - there is no "pay to win" and nothing costs real money to unlock. You will earn fake league currency through your player's contracts or through creating content like media (ranging from statistical breakdowns to mock drafts to fun fluff pieces), graphics, or podcasts. You can use it to further upgrade your player and make fun purchases like collectible trading cards of ISFL players!
Quick Links
Thanks for reading! Feel free to ask any questions in the comments of this post, in the Rookie Discord, or on our subreddit.Rookie Discord: https://discord.gg/EVrfNJCPgs Our Subreddit: SimulationFootball Rookie Guide: https://forums.sim-football.com/showthread.php?tid=6235 Create-a-Player Tool: https://forums.sim-football.com/form.php?formid=1
2023.03.29 22:05 Paul-Belgium 1953 Ford magazine advertisement.
 | submitted by Paul-Belgium to vintageads [link] [comments] |
2023.03.29 21:34 numberland [H] Lots of games, most with links + short descriptions [W] Wishlist games, diamond bundle games, paypal, non-violent games.
IGSRep - GameTradeRep
Have, a lot of games, see below.
Want, in rough order of preference:
WANTS:
From the Diamond bundle:
Potentially 1-3 slots in the Diamond bundle - see above for the games I want
From the Humble Turkish-Syria Earthquake charity bundle
submitted by numberland to indiegameswap [link] [comments]
Have, a lot of games, see below.
Want, in rough order of preference:
- games off my steam wishlist or listed below
- paypal etc - In $ or £s
- interesting non-violent VR games
- queeatmospheric/puzzly/definitely non-violent/inclusive suggestions
- your full lists to look through to trade :)
WANTS:
From the Diamond bundle:
- Coromon
- Escape Room triple pack
- (possibly) Ara Fell
- Stardew valley
- Baba is You
- Antichamber
- Osmos
- Hidden Folk
- Beat Saber
- Garden Story
- The World Next Door
- Chicory: A Colorful Tale
- Little Inferno: Ho Ho Holiday DLC
- Temtem
- Before We Leave series (yes, I know first one is free) interested in potentially two copies of the one I buy for me and partner but one is reasonable.
Potentially 1-3 slots in the Diamond bundle - see above for the games I want
From the Humble Turkish-Syria Earthquake charity bundle
- Pathfinder: Kingmaker - Enhanced Plus Edition
- XCOM 2
- Payday 2
- Ticket to Ride
- Strange Brigade
- Stick Fight
- Farming Simulator 17
- System Shock Enhanced Edition
- System Shock 2
- Worm Rumble
- Mount & Blade: Warband
- Backbone
- X-Morph: Defense Complete Pack
- Zombie Driver HD
- Space Crew: Legendary Edition (and below)
- Monaco
- Lust from Beyond - M Edition
- Stygian: Reign of the Old Ones
- Remnants of Naezith
- Planet TD
- Firegirl: Hack 'n Splash Rescue DX
- Xel
- Detached: Non-VR Edition
- Agent in Depth
- Hyper Gunsport
- Arcade Spirits
- Non-Stop Raiders
- Soulblight
- Stacking
- MirrorMoon EP
- Cris Tales
- Orbital Racer
- Symmetry
- Guilty Gear X2 #Reload
- Alchemist's Castle
- Soul Searching
- Doughlings: Arcade
- Doughlings: Invasion
- Rym 9000
- Stikir
- Izmir: An Independence Simulator
- Guns & Fishes
- Pill Baby
- 12 is Better Than 6 - top-down shooter with stealth elements, presented in a Wild West theme
- Anomaly 2 - Strategy tower defense
- Autonauts vs Piratebots - Create and automate a base to defend from the piratebots.
- Deadly 30 - retro-style survival horror game
- DOOM (1993) - the first DOOM - in original and enhanced form
- DOOM 64 - DOOM 64, originally released on the Nintendo 64 in 1997
- Dreamland Solitaire: Dark Prophecy - card solitaire game
- DwarfHeim - Real time strategy game, survive against endless waves of trolls
- I am not a Monster: First Contact - Turn-based strategy alien spaceship setting
- In Between - Atmospheric platformer, about mortality and with a poc lead
- Iron Fisticle -classic arcade arena shooter
- Leisure Suit Larry 7 - Love for Sail - The 7th Leisure Suit Larry, sexual in nature
- Monster Slayers -rogue-like deck-building RPG
- Narcos: Rise of the Cartels - brutal turn-based action strategy game based on the hit Netflix TV series
- Rescue Team: Planet Savers - Casual adventure clicker
- Rune Lord - Match 3 in a fantasy setting
- Safety First! - Fix broken electrics with your Magical Yellow Repair Liquid (MYRL) CN: urination
- Space Crew: Legendary Edition - recruit and training crew to defend Earth (and below)
- Space Robinson: Hardcore Roguelike Action - extremely hard, RPG-action Shoot 'em up.
- The Indie Mixtape - five of the most interesting and exciting games from the best indie talent out there
- Viking Brothers 6 - Time management casual adventure
- 112 Operator - management game
- 911 Operator - management game
- A City Sleeps - shoot 'em up
- AaaaaAAaaaAAAaaAAAAaAAAAA!!! for the Awesome - jumping game
- Age of Wonders III - turn based empire builder
- Agents of Mayhem - open-world, third-person action game
- Alien Spidy - High speed platformer
- All You Can Eat - Point and click comic
- The Amazing American Circus - deck building game
- Amnesia: The Dark Descent - first person survival horror
- Among the sleep - first person horror adventure
- Anodyne - Zelda-lite exploration game
- Anomaly Korea - Tower defence
- Anomaly 2 - Tower defence
- Asdivine Hearts - RPG (might keep)
- Bad Hotel - Tower defence + procedural music
- BADLAND - Action side-scroller (might keep)
- The Ball - first person action-adventure
- The Beast Within: A Gabriel Knight® Mystery - Point and click, second Gabriel Knight game.
- Beatbuddy: Tale of the Guardians - Hand-painted rhythm game
- BIT.TRIP Presents... Runner2: Future Legend of Rhythm Alien - Challenging platformer
- Book of Demons - Hack and Slash
- Breach & Clear - Tactical simulation
- Broken Age - Puzzle adventure/point and click - short but sweet, highly recommend
- Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons - Atmospheric adventure game
- Brütal Legend - Open world action/adventure
- Call of the Sea - otherworldly tale of mystery and love set in the 1930s South Pacific
- Car Mechanic Simulator 2018 - card maintenance simulator
- Company of Heroes 2 - WWII RTS platform
- Contraption Maker - Open ended sandbox maker
- Corridor Z - Zombie runner
- Cosmic Osmo and the Worlds Beyond the Mackerel - Exploration point and click (might keep)
- Crowntakers - Roguelike turn based strategy, RPG elements
- Crying Suns - Tactile, space, roguelike
- Darksiders Warmastered Edition - Hack & Slash/Action/Adventure
- Deadbeat Heroes - co-op superhero brawler
- Death Squared - co-op puzzle game (might keep)
- DISTRAINT 2 - 2D psychological horror adventure, sequel to distraint
- Doodle God - Puzzle matching game, though Doodle God Blitz is (currently) free in Steam.
- Draw Slasher - Beat em up
- Drawful 2 - Jackbox drawing game
- Driftland: The Magic Revival - Magic based city builder
- DUCATI - 90th Anniversary - Ducati racing game
- EarthX - Space colonisation simulation - note to self: might keep
- Eastside Hockey Manager - Hockey management game
- El Hijo - A Wild West Tale - stealth western
- Endless Space 2 - no expansions, Strategic Space Opera
- English Country Tune - interesting puzzle game
- Euro Truck Simulator 2:Australia Paint Pack DLC - Just the DLC
- Europa Universalis IV - Grand historical simulation
- Expeditions: Viking - turn-based, strategy, RPG.
- Fahrenheit: Indigo Prophecy Remastered - 2005 game remastered, story game where choices matter
- Framed Collection - comic book puzzle game
- Fury Unleashed - Roguelike comic book based
- Gabriel Knight® 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned - Point and click,
- Gemini Rue - 2011 Point and click, Noir
- Gish - Platformer
- Go Home Dinosaurs - Casual, tower defense
- Going Under - Roguelike, satirical, dungeon crawlebeat em up.
- Gonner - "tough as hell procedurally-generated 2D platformer with roguelike elements"
- Gunscape - FPS (First Person Shooter) construction kit.
- Hack 'n' Slash - "puzzle action game about hacking -- reprogram object properties, hijack global variables, hack creature behavior, and even rewrite the game’s code"
- Hacknet - "immersive, terminal-based hacking simulator for PC"
- HOARD - Play as a dragon collecting gold for their hoard.
- Inmost - Dark/atmospheric/cinematic puzzle platformer, pixel graphics
- Iron Danger - Tactical combat game with time manipulation
- Joe Danger 2: The Movie - Racing game, play as a stuntman
- Kerbal Space Program - space simulation sandbox
- Killing Floor 2 - Zombie co-op FPS
- King and Assassins - Adaption of 2-player board game (might keep and play with partner)
- King of Dragon Pass Strategic, story-rich, RPG.
- Kingdom Classic - 2D sidescrolling strategy/resource management, currently free on steam
- Knights of Pen & Paper +1 Edition - "grand adventure in this turn-based, retro style, pixel-art RPG, inspired by the great titles of the 90's"
- Knights of Pen and Paper 2 - sequel to the above, may keep.
- Le Havre: The Inland Port - 2-player board game implementation: Note: mixed reviews.
- LEGO Batman - Lego batman, what more can I say (might keep)
- LEGO® Batman 2 DC Super Heroes™ - Ditto, also might keep
- LEGO® Marvel® Super Heroes - Super Heroes for Lego - can recommend
- The LEGO® Movie - Videogame - More Lego games
- Love Letter - Adaption of card game
- Lust for Darkness - Adult only horror game,
- Lust from Beyond: M Edition - First person survival horror.
- Magicka - co-operative action fantasy
- The Manhole: Masterpiece Edition - 1988 Point and click remastered (might keep)
- Masquerade: The Baubles of Doom - Clown action adventure
- METAL SLUG 3 - run and gun, sidescroller, arcade.
- MirrorMoon EP - space puzzle exploration
- Monaco - Heist game
- Motorcycle Mechanic Simulator 2021 - as the title says, simulation game
- Mr. Shifty - Teleporting beat em up
- NecroWorm - Spooky logic puzzle game (might possibly keep)
- Nex Machina - Bullet hell shooter
- Niche - Genetics survival game (might keep)
- No Time to Explain Remastered - Time travelling casual platformer.
- Octahedron: Transfixed Edition - precision platformer, survival
- Oil Rush - Currently free to play, naval strategy game
- Orbital Racer - space racing game (might keep)
- Out of Reach: Treasure Royale - Battle Royale, Naval combatant
- Paper Fire Rookie - VR fire fighting game
- Party Hard - Stealth game about ruining parties
- Pathway - Turn based, strategy game in 1930s wilderness
- Pesterquest - Homestuck/Hiveswap game, visual novel
- PGA Tour 2K21 - Golfing simulation game
- Planet of the Eyes - atmospheric narrative-platformer where you play a robot
- Plunge - Roguelike dungeon plunger
- Police Quest Collection - collection of four crime games
- Primal Carnage: Extinction - Dinosaurs versus humans PvP
- Psychonauts - Comic adventure platformer - can recommend
- Quest of Dungeons - Traditional roguelike dungeon
- Radio Commander - radio controller of soldiers in a battlefield
- Ravensword: Shadowlands - follows from earlier games, skyrim like, ported from mobile
- Realpolitiks - Diplomacy game
- Rebuild 3: Gangs of Deadsville - post-apocalyptic colony sim
- Regular Human Basketball - Ridiculous game where you play basketball as a robot trying to pretend to be human
- Ring of Pain - Dungeon crawler card game
- Rising Dusk - Avoid the coins, puzzle platformer (might keep)
- Satellite Reign - Real-time strategy game
- Savant - Ascent - Shoot 'em up, return to your tower.
- Say No! More - NPG - No! playing game, based on the premise of saying no.
- Shing! - Beat 'em up side scroller
- Shivah - Point and click, play as a Jewish rabbi, have Kosher and standard versions.
- Small World 2 - seems to have been renamed to just Small World - excellent adaption of a board game
- Sniper Elite 3 - tactical third person shooter
- Solar 2 - sandbox space game
- Sonic & SEGA All Stars Racing - Sonic racing game
- Soulblight - RPG roguelike
- Space Crew: Legendary Edition - recruit and training crew to defend Earth
- SPACECOM - strategic starfleet command
- Starseed Pilgrim - Symphonic garden puzzle platformer
- Stealth 2: A Game of Clones - play as a clone escaping a test facility, stealth platformer
- Stick Fight: The Game - stick figure, physics based fighting game
- Strike Suit Zero - space dog fighting game
- Super Hexagon - Difficult, fast paced music game.
- SUPERHOT - FPS where time only moves when you move.
- Surgeon Simulator 2013 - over-the-top operation sim
- Syder Arcade - Old school arcade, shoot 'em up.
- SYSTEM SHOCK: ENHANCED EDITION - Rebuilt, immersive sim, cyberpunk, RPG
- Tangledeep - Roguelike dungeon crawler
- Telefrag VR - Fast-paced VR shooter
- Think of the Children - frantic co-operative parenting simulator
- This War of Mine - play as a group of civilians trying to survive in a war-torn city
- Throne of Lies® The Online Game of Deceit - (renamed) 3D online multiplayer game of social deduction and mischief
- Tilt Brush - Paint in 3D in virtual reality (might keep)
- Titan Quest Anniversary Edition - Hack and Slash, ActionRPG
- Toki Tori 2+ - Cute puzzle platformer
- Tooth and Tail - Real-time strategy game, play armies of animals
- Townscaper - Sandbox, townbuilder
- Trine 2: Complete Story - Puzzle platformer, fantasy setting
- Tropico 4 - City builder
- Twilight Struggle - cold war board game
- Type:Rider - puzzle platformer, riding through lettering
- Unmechanical - puzzle adventure, play as a robot
- The USB Stick Found in the Grass - detective game, reconstruct who the owner was of the USB stick
- Vertiginous Golf - Mini golf game in dystopian future
- VVVVVV - platformer where you reverse gravity instead of jumping
- Wargroove - Turn based strategy war game for 4 player.
- WARSAW - challenging turn-based tactical RPG set in an occupied capital during WWII.
- Where is my Heart? - Casual indie game about a family of forest spirits.
- Worms Crazy Golf - explosive worms funtimes
- X-Morph: Defense + European Assault, Survival of the Fittest, and Last Bastion DLC - top-down shooter and tower defense strategy.
- You Must Build A Boat - Match 3 fighting game
- Roarr! Jurassic Edition - Apparently no longer on Steam at least in the UK and I have steam key so not sure how to deal with this one.
- Shiftlings - Seemingly no longer on Steam.
- Endless Space® - Collection - includes Endless Space and Endless Space - Disharmony. Seems to be no longer on Steam
- Pinball FX2 - Base game and Civil War Table
- Pinball FX2 - Doctor Strange Table
- Superfrog HD
- Velocity 2X
2023.03.29 21:29 Sarjenkat Overture Of The Renewal Symphony Chapter 26: Demonic Refusal
FirstNext
Brigadier General Jack O'Neil, the one that had jokes made of in Stargate, was a real officer. He was in charge of Rushmore Thinking Array, the last of the people they'd wired together to make a supercomputer. Experts stated flat out that at this point in their lives, that there was no method of safe extraction possible.
Only a few knew of this site, so when alarms started sounding, he was, of course, not amused. He did lack a sense of humor, and these attackers were trying to be funny. He stared at the security monitor and just frowned. "What, are we getting attacked by cosplayers?" he gruffed, ordering his men to kill on sight. What they faced down were people dressed up almost as if they were knights wearing armor, all holding swords, spears, and other unknown weapons.
No, not cosplayers. No known weapon could slice a soldier wearing modern combat armor in two. Nothing short of two tanks pushing could do anything of the sort. But these knights were hammering home a deadly attack.
Even though everyone told him not to, he insisted he drop with his troops. It bolstered morale to see him on the front lines, and each soldier in the ASPS fought just a little harder when he saw them. Mal grinned in his combat armor, the power gems still at 95% power. Most of the small arms couldn't even touch him, but in trying to get in, he'd taken a long blast from an old ma deuce that was being used to cover the access into the base.
O'Neil growled as he saw his men being worse than ineffectual. Bullets would jsut ping off their shields and armor. They'd only managed to take down one intruder, with massed explosives, and even that hadn't killed them, merely caused them to slowly get back up and retreat slowly, keeping to cover.
Meanwhile, the weapons these intruders swung and used, some burned people down, others chopped them in half. Still more would cause the person hit to jitter as if electrocuted, falling down smoking from the ears and mouth.
"Medic First class Mercy is My Guide reporting. Sergeant Weirmeir has plugged me into the complex. Seems these poor souls have hit PNR. Should I initiate mercy protocols?" sounded over Mal's comms.
Mal grimaced. This was the last complex on Earth they had found that had people inside. Now all they could do is put them down peacefully. "No chance to try the Lazarus protocol?" he asked hopefully. Sure, it was a gamble, cloning bodies and trying to flash the memories in to give a new life was possible, but none of the attempts had worked so far, and Mercy wasn't about to try it with minds as scrambled as these poor souls were.
So she initiated a power surge that would slowly, but painlessly kill each one over a minute. As the last one flatlined, a wooping sound emanated from the complex.
O'Neil cursed, there was no way to get away from the small tactical nuclear warhead in time, though he knew his intruders would at least be caught in the blast.
Mal heard the klaxon, and growled, "Ok, time to clear out, rapid exfil and evac. We got a minute, maybe two, before this place is toast." as he ran rapidly towards the exit. His team sprinted, the small hardlight projectors allowing them to skate along.
A few of his group even got into it, parkouring off walls and running the fields to faster and faster speeds. As they reached the outside, Mal thumbed his backpack, and held on tight. Each knight had a steel set of wings swoop out, and suddenly blast them into the air, almost at the peed of a bullet launched.
At 4:02AM, Mount Rushmore erupted in atomic fire, and became no more. As Americans were told it was a terrorist act of ASPS nuking a historic landmark, and whipping up terror, an ASPS associate was meeting with the Lakota Sioux nation. They were one of the last tribes contacted, only because of all the watchdogs still giving the tribe grief. But, as the watchdogs had been trying to track where other tribes had gone, they'd left the Lakota Sioux alone.
"So, what are you offering to just take our children into space, without their culture?" one of the elders said, unsure of what this person was offering.
The representative held out a dinner plate, which showed a huge vessel, with land inside. "No. We would never split up families, or tribes. We are offering your tribe a chance to join the other tribes, as well as a band of Autistics, to find a new home away from the greed and corruption that has fallen here.
We plan on taking as many samples as we can, and bring them with us, to preserve the Earth. We hope to find a planet we can all coexist at. So far, Every tribe we've contacted has accepted it, as we have plans to bring back even some extinct species that will be needed."
As he flipped a switch, the display showed a pair of baby wooly mammoths playing with some baby white rhinos. Over in another cage, a clutch of dodos all cawed and cooed at the cameras.
At the vote, there were no objections. Over the course of days, the tribe vanished in the night, small ships sliding in silently to load up, then launch into space, to the new colony ship.
It was christened The Renewal Symphony.
submitted by Sarjenkat to HFY [link] [comments]
Brigadier General Jack O'Neil, the one that had jokes made of in Stargate, was a real officer. He was in charge of Rushmore Thinking Array, the last of the people they'd wired together to make a supercomputer. Experts stated flat out that at this point in their lives, that there was no method of safe extraction possible.
Only a few knew of this site, so when alarms started sounding, he was, of course, not amused. He did lack a sense of humor, and these attackers were trying to be funny. He stared at the security monitor and just frowned. "What, are we getting attacked by cosplayers?" he gruffed, ordering his men to kill on sight. What they faced down were people dressed up almost as if they were knights wearing armor, all holding swords, spears, and other unknown weapons.
No, not cosplayers. No known weapon could slice a soldier wearing modern combat armor in two. Nothing short of two tanks pushing could do anything of the sort. But these knights were hammering home a deadly attack.
Even though everyone told him not to, he insisted he drop with his troops. It bolstered morale to see him on the front lines, and each soldier in the ASPS fought just a little harder when he saw them. Mal grinned in his combat armor, the power gems still at 95% power. Most of the small arms couldn't even touch him, but in trying to get in, he'd taken a long blast from an old ma deuce that was being used to cover the access into the base.
O'Neil growled as he saw his men being worse than ineffectual. Bullets would jsut ping off their shields and armor. They'd only managed to take down one intruder, with massed explosives, and even that hadn't killed them, merely caused them to slowly get back up and retreat slowly, keeping to cover.
Meanwhile, the weapons these intruders swung and used, some burned people down, others chopped them in half. Still more would cause the person hit to jitter as if electrocuted, falling down smoking from the ears and mouth.
"Medic First class Mercy is My Guide reporting. Sergeant Weirmeir has plugged me into the complex. Seems these poor souls have hit PNR. Should I initiate mercy protocols?" sounded over Mal's comms.
Mal grimaced. This was the last complex on Earth they had found that had people inside. Now all they could do is put them down peacefully. "No chance to try the Lazarus protocol?" he asked hopefully. Sure, it was a gamble, cloning bodies and trying to flash the memories in to give a new life was possible, but none of the attempts had worked so far, and Mercy wasn't about to try it with minds as scrambled as these poor souls were.
So she initiated a power surge that would slowly, but painlessly kill each one over a minute. As the last one flatlined, a wooping sound emanated from the complex.
O'Neil cursed, there was no way to get away from the small tactical nuclear warhead in time, though he knew his intruders would at least be caught in the blast.
Mal heard the klaxon, and growled, "Ok, time to clear out, rapid exfil and evac. We got a minute, maybe two, before this place is toast." as he ran rapidly towards the exit. His team sprinted, the small hardlight projectors allowing them to skate along.
A few of his group even got into it, parkouring off walls and running the fields to faster and faster speeds. As they reached the outside, Mal thumbed his backpack, and held on tight. Each knight had a steel set of wings swoop out, and suddenly blast them into the air, almost at the peed of a bullet launched.
At 4:02AM, Mount Rushmore erupted in atomic fire, and became no more. As Americans were told it was a terrorist act of ASPS nuking a historic landmark, and whipping up terror, an ASPS associate was meeting with the Lakota Sioux nation. They were one of the last tribes contacted, only because of all the watchdogs still giving the tribe grief. But, as the watchdogs had been trying to track where other tribes had gone, they'd left the Lakota Sioux alone.
"So, what are you offering to just take our children into space, without their culture?" one of the elders said, unsure of what this person was offering.
The representative held out a dinner plate, which showed a huge vessel, with land inside. "No. We would never split up families, or tribes. We are offering your tribe a chance to join the other tribes, as well as a band of Autistics, to find a new home away from the greed and corruption that has fallen here.
We plan on taking as many samples as we can, and bring them with us, to preserve the Earth. We hope to find a planet we can all coexist at. So far, Every tribe we've contacted has accepted it, as we have plans to bring back even some extinct species that will be needed."
As he flipped a switch, the display showed a pair of baby wooly mammoths playing with some baby white rhinos. Over in another cage, a clutch of dodos all cawed and cooed at the cameras.
At the vote, there were no objections. Over the course of days, the tribe vanished in the night, small ships sliding in silently to load up, then launch into space, to the new colony ship.
It was christened The Renewal Symphony.
2023.03.29 21:22 Dragoncat91 Almyra worldbuilding (been doing this for about two years now)
 | Anna the merchant was a bubbly woman with long red hair in a ponytail. She was dressed from head to toe in fashionable clothes and jewelry. Her stall was equally flamboyant, with fancy knicknacks hanging from it and brightly colored banners and windsocks. "Ah, Tiana von Riegan, the shooting star of the Leicester Alliance!" Anna greeted. "Here in the far east, the Kingdom of Almyra, a warrior culture known for their tenacity and their spices! Is she here for business? Is she here for diplomacy? Is she here for...love? All three?" submitted by Dragoncat91 to fireemblem [link] [comments] "Anna, please, you'll wake them up." Tiana said. "Oh, yes, the slumbering herd." Anna smirked. "How may I help you today?" "I need a bar of damascus steel. I also need a bundle of saffron." (from Upside Down Diplomacy: Chapter 2 - Trials and Tests) Almyra is a country that wasn't touched upon very much in the canon stories of Fire Emblem: Three Houses/Hopes, despite one main character being from there. I've been worldbuilding and writing for it for a few years now. Please note: some aspects may still be inaccurate to Hopes. A lot of this was made before Hopes existed, and while I did make room for Shahid, who only appears in Hopes, I'm still taking creative license with him and the country as a whole. Enjoy the little bits of prose before each section! Terrain and Climate It was close to springtime, and while frigid winds from the north were still rolling down in mainland Fodlan, the border between Leicester and Almyra remained warm year round. However, that didn't mean the Almyrans had a food surplus. Crops could only grow well for six months a year in spring and summer. Outside of those times, produce stored in the clay structures known as yahkchals were rationed, and wild poultry and red meat was harvested with the exception of elk from the forests in the west, as those were a protected, sacred species. (from Upside Down Diplomacy: Chapter 1 - Crossing the Steppe) https://preview.redd.it/bl71cqr4bqqa1.png?width=550&format=png&auto=webp&s=58efb397c7a63aa448c4a446a0a1181c4032f7e8 Almyran cities are situated around the canyon/forest area in the western portion of the country. The capital is Caglar, which rests in the middle of Catal Canyon. Its palace is clearly visible from the air, and wyvern patrols fly in and out regularly, but if one is approaching from land, it's hidden by the surrounding canyon. Unlike its fellow kingdom on the continent, Faerghus, there's not a ton of noble houses with territory. Trabzon is in the northwestern portion of Kumalar Plains, and is the gateway to the mainland once trade is established, ships sail out of it around the Fodlan's Throat mountains and can make landfall in Faerghus provided the ports are not closed by ice. Mardin is in the Kuyruk Woods on the southeastern bank of Kuyruk River. Markay is in the southern coastal region of Kumalar Plains and serves as a port to and from Abbas Island off the south coast. Avise Desert is east of Catal Canyon and is racked by sandstorms year round. Further east, extending to the eastern coast, is more steppe like that in Kumalar Plains. There are no cities east of the desert, instead, homesteaders, farmers, and ranchers move throughout the area in a nomadic lifestyle with portable tents known as yurts, or they put down more permanent houses when they find an ideal spot. Visitors to the kingdom often make the mistake of calling this vast eastern steppe "East Kumalar Plains", while the locals only refer to it as "The Wild" or "The Plains". Ethnic Traits Danah came out of her room, dressed in a pretty purple dress and shoes, with a green hair scrunchie that brought out her orange eyes. She had long black hair. Uzair was wearing a dark blue suit jacket with loose fitting gray pants and shined shoes. His eyes, like his father's, were lightning yellow. His hair was dark brown, short, and had been fluffed nicely. Both had the typical Almyran tan skin tone. (from The Sunset Before Us) Almyrans are generally tan. Their hair is often thick, coarse, and colored in shades of brown and black. Both men and women tend to be, for lack of a better term, fluffy, with clear patches of fuzz on arms, legs, chest, and armpits, and both sexes also tend to have thick pubic hair. Men often have beards and/or mustaches of some sort. Some women shave their excess body hair, some do not. Woman fuzz isn't as thick as man fuzz regardless. This is distinct from birth, with male babies tending to have more hair than their female counterparts. Almyran eyes are typically colored in warm shades: reds, browns, yellows, and oranges. Names can be drawn from the Middle East: Arabic names, Turkish names, Syrian names, Persian names, Iranian names, that general area. Silk is a common clothing material for the upper and middle class, lower classes will wear leather and burlap. Soldier uniforms consist of light plate armor or chainmail with leather, typically unisex to the point where a male and female soldier are indistinguishable unless they stand right next to each other. Cloth cowls and neck scarves are commonly colored to fit a faction identity, or worn by commoners without being dyed. Language and Culture Tiana's husband gave her a unit of horseback archers. They were greenhorns, which she wasn't complaining about. She was good at training troops. But what she wasn't sure about, was communicating with them. Only Almyran royals and nobles spoke fluent Common, and she was not fluent in Almyran aside from the very basics and swearing. She mounted her warhorse and positioned herself at the head. Their eyes, all warm colored, were fixed on her. She raised her arm and waved them to the left. "Go." The greenhorn bow knights fell into formation and followed her. She led them halfway down the trail before uttering "stop." They did not seem to catch that. Except for the one nearest her. He turned his horse and put himself between Tiana and the others, then threw his arm up and said something in Almyran. They understood him. Tiana made a vow to learn what "stop" translated to. The man then placed his horse beside Tiana's. He looked at her, smiling sheepishly. He jabbed his thumb into his chest. "Omar," he said. She blinked slowly as she realized he was introducing himself. "Merhaba, Omar." She replied, certain she'd gotten "hello" right. He bowed in response. (from The Queen's Language Lessons) For the native language of Almyra, I've been using Turkish, as Ancient Persia/Ottoman Empire/Turkey/Turkiye seems to be the biggest inspiration for the country. Also, Turkish uses the Western alphabet more than Arabic which is easier for my American keyboard. They're a polytheistic religion, with but not limited to a war god, a harvest god, a love goddess, a sun god, and a moon goddess. They believe that elk are the resting place for a soul who has led a full life and is preparing to run to the afterlife, so they do not eat elk. They will eat deer, moose, or antelope, however. Common food includes kebabs, falafel, shawarma, curry, and dried fruit/nut/jerky preserves. They're a proud warrior culture. While men are more often on the front lines of battle, lady soldiers do exist, as does the rare lady commander. Their military consists of mostly wyvern riders and cavaliers with either lances or bows, but there are some units of infantry and mages. Armies on the move will put up yurts for the night, with the leader's yurt in the center and everyone prepared to wake up in fight mode if needed. Royalty is hereditary, and only a man can take the throne. Kings are allowed to take multiple wives, and most have over the course of history. Everyone else is more monogamous, including high ranking nobles. A king will hand pick his successor out of his sons, or nephews as a last resort, and test him with a gladiator sparring match. It ends when one side yields, but it is not to the death as it used to be nearly a century ago. Once the successor has won, he takes the throne upon the death of the current king. Economy and Exports Boran took a plate of rice, turkey, and a small slice of roast moose. He'd covered it all in gravy and topped it with a sprinkle of chili powder that he brought himself. "Trade routes, then? Almyra can offer spices, saffron, cactus flower, yucca seed. We can also offer damascus steel, or silk." Boran suggested. "The caravans will cross through Leicester and may need guarded heavily, but my son, you know him as Claude, will help assure that." Dimitri swallowed a bit of roast and potatoes. "Faerghus can, in return, give lumber, cheeses, leather, furs. Maybe some potato crops, they may grow in Almyra. And if you wish, the trade can happen via ship. I know you have a navy, is there a port town that's suitable for trade?" "There are two." Boran said. "There's Trabzon, which is actually a doable sea route from Derdriu. Then there's Abbas, an island to the south. If you wanted to get the caravan to Derdriu, it can then be shipped to Trabzon." He paused to grab the tea kettle and fill a cup. (from Two Kings) Currency is interchangeable with the rest of Fodlan, with copper, silver, and gold coins. Trade operates on silk and spices with the occasional damascus steel, known as wootz steel in the mainland. The local economy, as with every other country, depends on the exact area. Abbas Island and Markay have a lot of fishing. Trabzon also does fishing, but is mainly a bustling port town that brings in imports and pushes out exports. Mardin is an agricultural town that trades crops and meat from the woods. Crops are mostly beans and rice, with the occasional sweet potato or turnip. Caglar, as the capital, is the most varied and wealthy. There are entertainers, dancers, and bards who perform in hookah bars and mobile venues. Military presence is heavy in Caglar and there are several armories that sell cutlasses, scimitars, poleaxes, tabars, pikes, halberds, and bows and arrows. There is a orchard at the palace with apple, apricot, peach, and pear trees. The palace gardens have raspberries and blackberries as well. While mainland Fodlan has the central church keeping people reliant on the holy magic of the church monks and other types of medicine restricted, Almyra has some healing spells, but they mostly only work to stabilize an injury. They have what's called "the good meds". It's common for half an army to be "higher than wyvern pizzle" in the words of His Majesty himself as they recover from their wounds. |
2023.03.29 21:19 Dragoncat91 Far East of Fodlan: Kingdom of Almyra
 | Anna the merchant was a bubbly woman with long red hair in a ponytail. She was dressed from head to toe in fashionable clothes and jewelry. Her stall was equally flamboyant, with fancy knicknacks hanging from it and brightly colored banners and windsocks. "Ah, Tiana von Riegan, the shooting star of the Leicester Alliance!" Anna greeted. "Here in the far east, the Kingdom of Almyra, a warrior culture known for their tenacity and their spices! Is she here for business? Is she here for diplomacy? Is she here for...love? All three?" submitted by Dragoncat91 to FanficWorldbuilding [link] [comments] "Anna, please, you'll wake them up." Tiana said. "Oh, yes, the slumbering herd." Anna smirked. "How may I help you today?" "I need a bar of damascus steel. I also need a bundle of saffron." (from Upside Down Diplomacy: Chapter 2 - Trials and Tests) Almyra is a country that wasn't touched upon very much in the canon stories of Fire Emblem: Three Houses/Hopes, despite one main character being from there. I've been worldbuilding and writing for it for a few years now. Please note: some aspects may still be inaccurate to Hopes. A lot of this was made before Hopes existed, and while I did make room for Shahid, who only appears in Hopes, I'm still taking creative license with him and the country as a whole. Enjoy the little bits of prose before each section! Terrain and Climate It was close to springtime, and while frigid winds from the north were still rolling down in mainland Fodlan, the border between Leicester and Almyra remained warm year round. However, that didn't mean the Almyrans had a food surplus. Crops could only grow well for six months a year in spring and summer. Outside of those times, produce stored in the clay structures known as yahkchals were rationed, and wild poultry and red meat was harvested with the exception of elk from the forests in the west, as those were a protected, sacred species. (from Upside Down Diplomacy: Chapter 1 - Crossing the Steppe) https://preview.redd.it/urfr3ycjaqqa1.png?width=550&format=png&auto=webp&s=d96e0849e48d2bb1066845f2a4c72bea5118f66c Almyran cities are situated around the canyon/forest area in the western portion of the country. The capital is Caglar, which rests in the middle of Catal Canyon. Its palace is clearly visible from the air, and wyvern patrols fly in and out regularly, but if one is approaching from land, it's hidden by the surrounding canyon. Unlike its fellow kingdom on the continent, Faerghus, there's not a ton of noble houses with territory. Trabzon is in the northwestern portion of Kumalar Plains, and is the gateway to the mainland once trade is established, ships sail out of it around the Fodlan's Throat mountains and can make landfall in Faerghus provided the ports are not closed by ice. Mardin is in the Kuyruk Woods on the southeastern bank of Kuyruk River. Markay is in the southern coastal region of Kumalar Plains and serves as a port to and from Abbas Island off the south coast. Avise Desert is east of Catal Canyon and is racked by sandstorms year round. Further east, extending to the eastern coast, is more steppe like that in Kumalar Plains. There are no cities east of the desert, instead, homesteaders, farmers, and ranchers move throughout the area in a nomadic lifestyle with portable tents known as yurts, or they put down more permanent houses when they find an ideal spot. Visitors to the kingdom often make the mistake of calling this vast eastern steppe "East Kumalar Plains", while the locals only refer to it as "The Wild" or "The Plains". Ethnic Traits Danah came out of her room, dressed in a pretty purple dress and shoes, with a green hair scrunchie that brought out her orange eyes. She had long black hair. Uzair was wearing a dark blue suit jacket with loose fitting gray pants and shined shoes. His eyes, like his father's, were lightning yellow. His hair was dark brown, short, and had been fluffed nicely. Both had the typical Almyran tan skin tone. (from The Sunset Before Us) Almyrans are generally tan. Their hair is often thick, coarse, and colored in shades of brown and black. Both men and women tend to be, for lack of a better term, fluffy, with clear patches of fuzz on arms, legs, chest, and armpits, and both sexes also tend to have thick pubic hair. Men often have beards and/or mustaches of some sort. Some women shave their excess body hair, some do not. Woman fuzz isn't as thick as man fuzz regardless. This is distinct from birth, with male babies tending to have more hair than their female counterparts. Almyran eyes are typically colored in warm shades: reds, browns, yellows, and oranges. Names can be drawn from the Middle East: Arabic names, Turkish names, Syrian names, Persian names, Iranian names, that general area. Silk is a common clothing material for the upper and middle class, lower classes will wear leather and burlap. Soldier uniforms consist of light plate armor or chainmail with leather, typically unisex to the point where a male and female soldier are indistinguishable unless they stand right next to each other. Cloth cowls and neck scarves are commonly colored to fit a faction identity, or worn by commoners without being dyed. Language and Culture Tiana's husband gave her a unit of horseback archers. They were greenhorns, which she wasn't complaining about. She was good at training troops. But what she wasn't sure about, was communicating with them. Only Almyran royals and nobles spoke fluent Common, and she was not fluent in Almyran aside from the very basics and swearing. She mounted her warhorse and positioned herself at the head. Their eyes, all warm colored, were fixed on her. She raised her arm and waved them to the left. "Go." The greenhorn bow knights fell into formation and followed her. She led them halfway down the trail before uttering "stop." They did not seem to catch that. Except for the one nearest her. He turned his horse and put himself between Tiana and the others, then threw his arm up and said something in Almyran. They understood him. Tiana made a vow to learn what "stop" translated to. The man then placed his horse beside Tiana's. He looked at her, smiling sheepishly. He jabbed his thumb into his chest. "Omar," he said. She blinked slowly as she realized he was introducing himself. "Merhaba, Omar." She replied, certain she'd gotten "hello" right. He bowed in response. (from The Queen's Language Lessons) For the native language of Almyra, I've been using Turkish, as Ancient Persia/Ottoman Empire/Turkey/Turkiye seems to be the biggest inspiration for the country. Also, Turkish uses the Western alphabet more than Arabic which is easier for my American keyboard. They're a polytheistic religion, with but not limited to a war god, a harvest god, a love goddess, a sun god, and a moon goddess. They believe that elk are the resting place for a soul who has led a full life and is preparing to run to the afterlife, so they do not eat elk. They will eat deer, moose, or antelope, however. Common food includes kebabs, falafel, shawarma, curry, and dried fruit/nut/jerky preserves. They're a proud warrior culture. While men are more often on the front lines of battle, lady soldiers do exist, as does the rare lady commander. Their military consists of mostly wyvern riders and cavaliers with either lances or bows, but there are some units of infantry and mages. Armies on the move will put up yurts for the night, with the leader's yurt in the center and everyone prepared to wake up in fight mode if needed. Royalty is hereditary, and only a man can take the throne. Kings are allowed to take multiple wives, and most have over the course of history. Everyone else is more monogamous, including high ranking nobles. A king will hand pick his successor out of his sons, or nephews as a last resort, and test him with a gladiator sparring match. It ends when one side yields, but it is not to the death as it used to be nearly a century ago. Once the successor has won, he takes the throne upon the death of the current king. Economy and Exports Boran took a plate of rice, turkey, and a small slice of roast moose. He'd covered it all in gravy and topped it with a sprinkle of chili powder that he brought himself. "Trade routes, then? Almyra can offer spices, saffron, cactus flower, yucca seed. We can also offer damascus steel, or silk." Boran suggested. "The caravans will cross through Leicester and may need guarded heavily, but my son, you know him as Claude, will help assure that." Dimitri swallowed a bit of roast and potatoes. "Faerghus can, in return, give lumber, cheeses, leather, furs. Maybe some potato crops, they may grow in Almyra. And if you wish, the trade can happen via ship. I know you have a navy, is there a port town that's suitable for trade?" "There are two." Boran said. "There's Trabzon, which is actually a doable sea route from Derdriu. Then there's Abbas, an island to the south. If you wanted to get the caravan to Derdriu, it can then be shipped to Trabzon." He paused to grab the tea kettle and fill a cup. (from Two Kings) Currency is interchangeable with the rest of Fodlan, with copper, silver, and gold coins. Trade operates on silk and spices with the occasional damascus steel, known as wootz steel in the mainland. The local economy, as with every other country, depends on the exact area. Abbas Island and Markay have a lot of fishing. Trabzon also does fishing, but is mainly a bustling port town that brings in imports and pushes out exports. Mardin is an agricultural town that trades crops and meat from the woods. Crops are mostly beans and rice, with the occasional sweet potato or turnip. Caglar, as the capital, is the most varied and wealthy. There are entertainers, dancers, and bards who perform in hookah bars and mobile venues. Military presence is heavy in Caglar and there are several armories that sell cutlasses, scimitars, poleaxes, tabars, pikes, halberds, and bows and arrows. There is a orchard at the palace with apple, apricot, peach, and pear trees. The palace gardens have raspberries and blackberries as well. While mainland Fodlan has the central church keeping people reliant on the holy magic of the church monks and other types of medicine restricted, Almyra has some healing spells, but they mostly only work to stabilize an injury. They have what's called "the good meds". It's common for half an army to be "higher than wyvern pizzle" in the words of His Majesty himself as they recover from their wounds. |
2023.03.29 19:58 lhsoiqiemv 😘👉👌 IF YOU TAP YOU WILL CUM 🍆💦
 | submitted by lhsoiqiemv to apdplhjjuy [link] [comments] IF YOU TAP HERE YOU WILL CUMIF YOU TAP HERE YOU WILL CUMIF YOU TAP HERE YOU WILL CUMProcessing gif 0sewzms5wpqa1...Joan was not a virgin, but she had only been with a couple of lovers prior to Bill. However, Bill was, by far, the biggest man she had been with. She was amazed at how Bill made her feel so full. I moved my tongue towards her love button, and lightly flicked the tip of my tongue against her clit. I heard her moan in ecstasy, but she continued working on my cock. What with the sexuality of it all, and the fact that she was expertly gripping me with her lips and swirling with her tongue, it was taking a lot of willpower to keep on lasting. But I persevered, and dived back into her pretty pinkness. “Mr. Carlton Mallard I am District Attorney Wright, I was told that you have information in exchange for a deal you wish to make with my office,” D.A. Wright says sitting down at the table with me. “Yeah, no problem man.” “Trust me, I’m working on it.” And that was the truth. I had been thinking about what to do, I just hadn’t exactly gotten any good, concrete ideas yet. But she didn’t need to know that. A new sense of power arose within me and I gently licked her pussy through her thong, evoking small electric waves within Brooke, causing her to shake and moan violently. She chuckled intently. “Oh boy.” She murmured. “We’re gonna have a conversation, aren’t we?” Without waiting for me to process what she said, let alone respond to it, she opened the door and waltzed in. “See you at school, Big Hero Dick.” "Naw! I wanted to see if it's alright if I came over to your place! You know if it's okay with Mrs. and Mr. Burns?" He throws his arm around my shoulder and reaches out with his other hand out to grab my books out my hands. Jade was giggling at the fact that Tommy had just rambled on and on. It was part of his charm at times. I tried to think of Sharon’s cousins. I had met some at her pool before. The only boy cousin I knew, Timmy, was two years younger than me, making him 12. “Timmy?” I asked skeptically. He laughed as he slowly moved his hands up and down her arms. “Yes I’m sure,” he said. Authors note- sorry I haven't posted for a LONG time but my lifes been chaotic and busy but without further delay here is the second chapter of crazy ass life. And remember I like feed back so comment! Harry pushed his entire length into her ass. With some work from all three of them, they got a nice rhythm working. They were all panting and sweating with little moans from each of them. Harry reached around and fondled the breast Ron did not have in his mouth. After seeing the sex a little bit ago, Harry could not hold out much longer with the tight ass wrapped around his cock. Harry pushed his cock in as far as her could before making a deposit. Harry, now exhausted, climbed off the bed and squeezed into his own. He fell asleep before they had even finished each other off. in the words of bret"the hitman"hart this series is "the best there is,the best there was and the best there ever will be." great job dude amazing series “Okay,” I replied, walking to the counter. I looked over at Mom and Ronnie. She was in the same position but she had lifted her top up so that he had her nipple in his mouth. Then I watched as Mom slipped his hand in between them to give him access to her pussy. I considered waking Brook, but figured she would need her energy to deal with her parents. So, I closed my eyes and tried to clear my mind. Even in his last class he felt Professor King’s eyes on him. She wore clothes that weren’t as baggy as usual, yet still hid her features. She eyed him here and there and he felt racked with guilt for making her reveal herself to him. “With great power come great responsibility.” How he thought that line cliché, and yet he wondered how much Stan Lee actually knew how deep it rang true. I can tell she’s confused but I head off to get a shower when I see a pair of very muscular legs head into a bathroom on the second floor and I start to get an itch again. I take my time heading up the stairs and do a quick check in on my room. Katy is lying on her stomach with an icepack on her ass while Kori, Rachael and Natsuko are watching TV with her. Katy is the one that sees me and all I get is a wink before I head back down the hall and creep into the bathroom where I hear Mathilda showering. I am as quiet as I can be slipping inside and closing the door. After I get out of my shorts I wait a moment before pulling back the curtain and slipping into the shower behind Matty. She has her head in the water and I’m wondering how to play this when my other head tells me to go for it. I slide my hands around Matty’s waist and press my body against her back. "Please mom, just this once" Mia begged. She really wanted to go, and she was sure mom would say yes. He felt Daniel slowly slide his long, member outward and then slip all the way inward. Then it withdrew part way, flex, wiggle and then lunged deeply back into the depths of Allen's rectal sheath. Daniel adjusted his position behind Allen's wide spread thighs. The angle of his penetration changed and the head now pressed against the lower lining of his rectal sheath. The thick gland started a slow back and forth dragging motion until .. something electric bolted throughout Allen's body. An intense wave of pure joy surged throughout Allen's rectal sheath and across his loins. The flexing head slipped over his prostate's excited tissues again and again and Allen screeched in ecstasy. “What the fuck bitch” Kelsey screams as she holds the back of her head. "Thank you so much, Mom." I said. "You are definitely the best mom alive." She smiled. I went to hug her as a way of saying thanks, but she put her hands up and said, "Maybe later. When you've cleaned up." Victoria laughed softly. “You’re right, sorry for being selfish.” This was when she was at her most honest, I thought. After I'd stripped away everything else, her will, her dignity, everything that she presented to the rest of the world; after she'd submitted to me entirely, and lost herself in it. She was left so raw, and so vulnerable. The way she clung to me, still shaking, just begging for this warmth, no trace of shame at displaying such a desperate desire. It was like the extreme embodiment of "cuddling afterwards". It was her consuming need to just feel some sort of contact, physical and emotional .My chest swelled with a new kind of understanding of her. When Jackie pulled her hand out from my swimming suit. It was just then that I noticed the massive amount of seaman I had shot into her palm of her hand. As she lifted her hand up from my short I noticed that my massive load had started seeping out from her palm and fingers was starting run down her arm this then I suddenly got kind of worried about how was she was going make to bathroom with out anyone catching her with that massive amount in her hand. She give me an quick wink and turn around walk to bathroom and few minutes later return to me licking her lips so I guess she had lick the entire load as she said she would. By the time she had returned my cock had softened and she lend in give me an French kiss and could slightly taste my own seed in her mouth which didn’t taste to bad if you ask me. John thought about how completely different Lisa was from her mother. Jan had never urinated in front of John--at least, not while she was sitting on a toilet. Jan had always insisted on having total privacy in the bathroom. But on the other hand, Jan had never seemed to mind letting John see her squirt during their sexual encounters together. That struck John as being pretty strange behavior on Jan's part. When Jane went over there, she took off her bottoms to reveal her nice little ass. I couldn’t help but peak over here and there. After that, she pulled up her bottoms and jumped in the water. Then it hit me; I’m looking at my sisters, they are my blood, but I couldn’t help it. It felt so wrong but it felt so good. "We should," she said. "Let's get out of here. I'll go, you stay a minute. It'll look better that way." “Honey I will be there to help, we all will. Things are going to get better, I promise,” Mom says and I want to believe her. “Give it to me.” Lissa stated as she increased the intensity of manipulation of the panting girls clit. Karen blankly raised her right hand to Lissa to display the dark green vegetable. “I mean in your pants please.” “OK, well move over I need to brush my teeth” she said with an irritated tone, feeling that uncontrollable feeling building again. She started brushing her teeth, aware that her brother was just standing there looking at her. she attempted to ignore him without success as found that she was enticed by it. "Great. You suck. You probably go to East." “Do you want to hang out at my house or not?” “Points are points!” Lexi protested, sitting back down, snuggling up to me. “Back me up here, Quinn.” “And he just went for that?” “ Well from what I have heard from my friends who aren’t a virgin anymore what you experienced is known as Subspace.” I told her as she gave me this weird look “ Mac whatever it was it felt so damn good … I love you mac !” Sally told me as she slid her hand down to my cock and started to stroking my cock. “ Sally you were mumbling in you subspace unconsciousness that you’re ready… are you?” I ask her as I gently plant kiss to her chest “ mmmmmm I did Mac I don’t remember it but yes I can’t take in anymore please take me and make me a woman .. I wanted your incestuous seed in my tight virgin fertile womb… please Mac I can’t stand it anymore please Deflower me Mac! “Yeah but it’s going to be my first year with you in high school. 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2023.03.29 19:55 lhsoiqiemv 😘👉👌 IF YOU TAP YOU WILL CUM 🍆💦
 | submitted by lhsoiqiemv to apdplhjjuy [link] [comments] IF YOU TAP HERE YOU WILL CUMIF YOU TAP HERE YOU WILL CUMIF YOU TAP HERE YOU WILL CUMProcessing gif ia7lvzlmvpqa1...His talk was exciting him and surprisingly me also. He sped up his pace and pounded me hard and fierce until we both exploded. I found myself squirting once again and this time my legs could no longer hold me up and I collapsed on the ground, writhing all around & rubbing my pussy. I never experienced anything so intense before and I could see how someone could get hooked on it like a drug one needed to have He looks down at her beautiful face as she makes love to him with her mouth. Her gorgeous eyes lock with his, and the intimacy he feels with this girl, has him falling completely in love with her. A tingling builds up inside his balls, and he can feel the most intense of orgasms coming as it slowly builds up, and up. I slipped out of the house quietly. We fucked for a long time, switching positions at somewhat-regular intervals until I felt my balls finally tightening in that familiar way. I did finally get naked on the bed by the time that Jenny got naked the first time during the show. She looked over to me as much as she could without being too obvious. I was harder than I’ve ever been in my life. I played with my cock a bit and lightly stroked it but tried my best not to get too excited and cum. It didn’t help, however, when a couple of times she told her audience she’d be right back and she came over to me at the bed and gave my cock a couple of sucks while I grabbed a feel of those perfect tits. “Not bad” she raised an eyebrow and reached a hand out and took hold of the hard shaft in front of her. Her fingers encased my cock as she then began to slowly tilt her wrist up and down. A small amount of pre cum oozed from the tip which she collected with her other hand and spread around the head of my cock, lubing it a little. ‘Hell yes!’ replied Chloe causing James to chuckle. "What are you girls up to?" Mrs. Stevens asked. "Ya Its a good thing i did not jack off today," i said his left hand made its way down my torso and stopped where my pink lace panties began. Read 46830 times She nodded as she pulled a bottle of wine from under the table and grabbed a set of wine glasses from behind her. She filled up ten glasses and passed them around to everyone at the table and we all raised our glasses in unison. I caught up to where she to see what she was looking at and in a cage by itself was a newborn black and white huskie, no more than two weeks old. She started chuckling on his cock, then started playing around with her tongue. She kept him on the edge for a while. He noticed a small little puddle below her pussy. “Yes. As a matter of fact we do tell each other everything. Mom and I don’t have any secrets from each other!” Read 26250 times I mentally pictured Roy waiting for some poor bugger to try and get past him, and getting squashed in the process. Nope, I wouldn’t want to have to face him in the field. Or anywhere else for that matter. I passionately hoped I never got on his bad side. David filled Laura's wine glass the rest of the way and returned to his seat. He couldn't help but start stroking his hard cock, but quickly stopped when Laura returned to the room. The tufts of pubic hair sticking out the sides of her panties were gone. This time Laura did completely remove her panties to show David her neatly trimmed bush. Standing in front of him she began running her fingers through her bush imagining it was David's fingers. "Is this how you like your sister's pussy Davy? With a nice trimmed bush?" She sat next to her brother and began to rub her nipples against his arm as she continued to play with her pussy. "Go ahead Davy, play with your cock. I am flattered I can turn somebody on even if you are my brother." She withdrew a wet finger from her pussy and ran it under David's nose. “If you like...” After a few minutes, Amy said, “What about the other part?” “All lines are currently down but if you really wanna save your ass there are three things you better do,” I growl backing him against a table and watching him sit. “Nah, man, I’m good. You know me, I’m barely even tipsy.” I grumbled, but it was true. The two of us could hold our liquor pretty well. The only thing I felt was a warmth in my chest and a bit of buzz. Mitch was even better than I was, most probably. He kicked back his drink and turned over the glass onto his napkin, his signal to bartenders in general that he was done for a while. "I am the hero of the story." 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